Análisis del entorno competitivo de la empresa aeroportuaria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22320/hem.v24i2.7520Palabras clave:
competencia aeroportuaria, industria aeroportuaria, negocio aeroportuario, empresa aeroportuaria, gestión aeroportuariaResumen
Durante aproximadamente tres décadas, los aeropuertos han pasado de una situación de monopolio natural a un entorno cada vez más competitivo. La competencia aeroportuaria se ha visto impulsada por diversos factores, entre ellos la liberalización del mercado de la aviación, que estimuló un crecimiento continuo de la demanda; la entrada de nuevas aerolíneas; la privatización de aeropuertos; la construcción de nuevos aeropuertos; el auge del comercio electrónico; y el surgimiento de modos de transporte alternativos, como el ferrocarril de alta / muy alta velocidad. Este artículo de revisión analiza cómo estos factores han configurado las características y la evolución de la competencia aeroportuaria durante el período estudiado. El análisis también examina las respuestas de los aeropuertos a la pandemia de COVID-19 y su impacto en la competencia aeroportuaria. Entre los principales hallazgos, cabe destacar que los modelos de negocio de los aeropuertos se están adaptando al creciente poder de negociación de las aerolíneas, al marco regulatorio (que varía según el país o la región) y al mayor acceso de los pasajeros a herramientas en línea para planificar, seleccionar y comprar billetes de avión.
Citas
Abeyratne, R. (2016). Competition and Investment in Air Transport. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24372-6
Abor, J., Bekoe, I., & Macomber, J. (2025). Issues in Airport Infrasrtucture Financing. In: Abor, A., Macomber, J., Arun, T., & Murinde, V. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Infrastructure Finance. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032712031
ACI (2025). Passenger Traffic Report, Trends, and Outlook. Airports Council International (ACI).
Adler, N., Brudner, A., Gallotti, R., Privitera, F., & Ramasco, J. (2022). Does big data help answer big questions? The case of airport catchment areas & competition. Transportation Research Part B, 166, 444-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2022.10.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2022.10.013
Akoodie, S., & Cloet, E. (2020). The contribution of airport retail to total airport revenues. Conference proceedings of the Centre for Business & Economic Research. https://goo.su/gzwhJx DOI: https://doi.org/10.24052/BMR/V11NU01/ART-09
Alves, V., & Forte, R. (2015). A Cournot model for analysing the effects of an open skies agreement. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.09.007
Arora, M., Tuchen, S., & Blessing, L. (2021). Airport pandemic response: An assessment of impacts and strategies after one year with COVID-19. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 11, 100449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100449
Avelar, S. (2025). Comparison of Pre- and Post-COVID Pandemic Airline Operations. In: Campos, L. (Ed.), Accelerating Sustainable Aviation Initiatives. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73993-4_5
Bao, D., Hua, S., & Gu, J. (2016). Relevance of airport accessibility and airport competition. Journal of Air Transport Management, 55, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.04.009
Barn, B., Barat, S., & Clark, T. (2017). Conducting Systematic Literature Reviews and Systematic Mapping Studies. Proceedings of the 10th Innovations in Software Engineering Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/3021460.3021489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3021460.3021489
Belobaba, P., Odoni, A., & Barnhart, C. (2015). The global airline industry. John Wiley & Sons.
Bet, G. (2021). Market Power in the U.S. Airline Industry. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913695
Bilotkach, V., & Bush, H. (2020). Airport competition from airports’ perspective: Evidence from a survey of European airports. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 21(3), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1783591720937876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1783591720937876
Brilha, N., & Nobre, H. (2020). Airports as platforms: towards a new business model. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 20(4). 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2019.105234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2019.10026919
Brown, M. (2023). Strategic Airport Planning. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003173267
Chen, S., & Chen, C. (2025). Measuring the efficiency and productivity changes in international airports before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transport Policy, 167, 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.023
Chiambaretto, P., & Combe, E. (2025). The Evolution of Air Transport and Its Impact. In: Chiambaretto, P. & Combe, E. (Eds.), Introduction to Air Transport. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99936-9
Choi, J. (2021). Changes in airport operating procedures and implications for airport strategies post-COVID-19. Journal of Air Transport Management, 94, 102065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.10206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102065
Chourasia, A., Jha, K., & Dalei, N. (2020). Development and planning of sustainable airports. Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2145
Christidis, P. (2016). Four shades of Open Skies: European Union and four main external partners. Journal of Transport Geography, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.04.005
Colak, O., Enoch, M., & Morton, C. (2023). Airport business models and the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploration of the UK case study. Journal of Air Transport Management, 108, 102337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102337
Cook, G., & Billig, B. (2023). Airline Operations and Management. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290308
Cooper, R., & John, A. (2011). Microeconomics: Theory Through Applications. Open Textbook.
Department for Transport (2022). Econometric Models to Estimate Demand Elasticities for the National Air Passenger Demand Model. UK Department for Transport.
Díaz Olariaga, O. (2017). Políticas de privatización de aeropuertos. El caso de Colombia. Documentos y Aportes en Administración Pública y Gestión Estatal, 29(17), 7-35. https://goo.su/vNjGI DOI: https://doi.org/10.14409/da.v17i29.7093
Díaz Olariaga, O. (2015). Desarrollo reciente y relevancia actual de los ingresos comerciales aeroportuarios. Estudios Gerenciales. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2015.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2015.05.003
Doerr, L., Dorn, F., Gaebler, S., & Potrafke, N. (2020). How new airport infrastructure promotes tourism: evidence from a synthetic control approach in German regions. Regional Studies, 54(10), 1402–1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1714022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1714022
Dobruszkes, F., Givoni, M., & Vowles, T. (2017). Hello major airports, goodbye regional airports? Recent changes in European and US low-cost airline airport choice. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.11.005
Dos Santos, I., Camarotto J., & Tonin, L. (2025). How Airport Service Quality and Accessibility are Mutually Dependent. AIAA SCITECH Forum. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2448 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-2448
Douglas, I., & Tan, D. (2017). Global airline alliances and profitability: A difference-in-difference analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 103, 432-443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.024
Dresner, M., & Zou, L. (2024). Do open skies still matter? Journal of the Air Transport Research Society, 2, 100019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jatrs.2024.100019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jatrs.2024.100019
Dube, K. (2023). Emerging from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Aviation Recovery, Challenges and Opportunities. Aerospace, 10(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010019
Ersoy, Y. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Airports During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Polish Journal of Economics. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1004593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33119/GN/143335
Fang, H., Wang, W., & Yang, Y. (2025). Competition and Quality: Evidence from High-Speed Railways and Airlines. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 107(2), 494–509. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01294
Fasone, V., Kofler, L., & Scuderi, R. (2016). Business performance of airports: Non-aviation revenues and their determinants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 53, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.12.012
Feng, J., Wu, C., & Zhu, J. (2022) Airport route development strategy planning and performance measurement with a dynamic performance management framework. PLoS ONE, 17(7), e0271452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271452
Florido-Benítez, L. (2024). Airport Marketing Strategy. Emerald Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/9781836080824
Forsyth, P., Guiomard, C., & Niemeier, H. (2023). Airport Economics. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003156901
Forsyth, P., Müller, J., Niemeier, H., and Pels, E. (2023). Economic Regulation of Urban and Regional Airports. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20341-1
Fuerst, F., & Gross, S. (2018). The commercial performance of global airports. Transport Policy, 61, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.08.005
Gao, X., Zhao, X., Yu, Q., & Ge, W. (2024). Assessing Airline Operational Efficiency during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Pre-and Post-Pandemic Performance. Proceedings of CICTP 2024. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485484.340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485484.340
Gao, Y. (2023). Toolkit for Establishing Airport Catchment Areas. Transportation Research Board. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/27424
Gibbons, S., & Wu, W. (2020). Airports, access and local economic performance: evidence from China. Journal of Economic Geography, 20(4), 903–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbz021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbz021
Graham, A. (2023). Managing airports. An international perspective. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003269359
Graham, A. (2020). Airport privatisation: A successful journey? Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101930
Graham, A., & Morrell, P. (2016). Airport Finance and Investment in the Global Economy. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315566498
Gu, Y., & Zhu, J. (2017). Capacity Allocation and Revenue Sharing in Airline Alliances: A Combinatorial Auction-Based Modeling. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3178650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3178650
Haakonsen, S., Ronnquist, A., & Labonnote, N. (2023). Fifty years of shape grammars: A systematic mapping of its application in engineering and architecture. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 21(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14780771221089882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14780771221089882
Halpern, N., & Graham, A. (2021). Airport Marketing. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003039563
Halpern, N. (2018). Airport business strategy. In: Halpern, N. & Graham, A. (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315630540
Huai, Y., Lee, E., Lo, H., & Zhang, A. (2025). Airport's optimal decisions considering non-aeronautical business, terminal capacity and alternative regulatory regimes. Transportation Research Part B, 195, 103192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2025.103192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2025.103192
ICAO (2025). Global Airline Traffic Statistics (Historical years data). International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
ICAO (1974). Charges for Airports and Route Air Navigation Facilities. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
James, K., Randall, N., & Haddaway, N. (2016). A methodology for systematic mapping in environmental sciences. Environmental Evidence. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-016-0059-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-016-0059-6
Janic, M. (2022). Analysis and modelling of airport resilience, robustness, and vulnerability: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13040-3
impact of COVID-19 pandemic disease. The Aeronautical Journal, 126(1305), 1924-1953. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2022.25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2022.25
Karanki, F. (2025). Strategic perspectives on airport capacity: Insights from competition and DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4805914
non-aeronautical revenues. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 60, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101384
Karanki, F., & Yu, C. (2025). Assessing airports’ bargaining power: Evidence from U.S. airports using a two-tier stochastic frontier analysis. Transport Policy, 164, 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.01.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.01.036
Karanki, F., & Bilotkach, V. (2024). The impact of Airport business practices and governance forms on excess capacity. Economics of Transportation, 38, 100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2024.100353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2024.100353
Kazda, A., Badanik, B., & Serrano, F. (2022). Pandemic vs. Post-Pandemic Airport Operations. Aerospace, 9(12), 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9120810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9120810
Khanna, A., & Swami, S. (2025). Sustainable management of airports: a managerial review. Journal of Advances in Management Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-03-2024-0122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-03-2024-0122
Kidokoro, Y., & Zhang, A. (2023). Airport Privatization and Regulation: Effects on Airport Charge, Capacity, and Social Welfare. In: Forsyth, P., Müller, J., Niemeier, H., Pels, E. (Eds.), Economic Regulation of Urban and Regional Airports. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20341-1_6
Lapcin, H. (2021). Airport Competitive Strengths in Turkey. Transportation Research Procedia, 59, 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.122
Lau, Y., Ting, G., Yang, Z., & Jieqi, G., (2025). Aviation Law and Governance. Routledge.
Li, S., Pawlak, J., & Sivakumar, a. (2024). Implications of air travel shopping for non-aeronautical revenue streams: A cross-national empirical analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 119, 102638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102638 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102638
Li, B., Guo, X., & Liang, L. (2024). Optimal pricing decision and capacity allocation of opaque selling in airline revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 23, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-024-00483-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-024-00483-9
Li, X., de Groot, M., & Back, T. (2021). Using forecasting to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on passenger air transport demand. Decision Sciences, 54(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12549
Li, Y., & Wang, J. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air passenger travel: a focus on empirical findings. Transport Reviews, 44(2), 461-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2023.2244165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2023.2244165
Liou, J., Chien, C., & Hsu, C. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Pandemic Measures on Airport Performance. Aerospace, 11(5), 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11050373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11050373
Magdalina, A., & Bouzaima, M. (2021). An empirical investigation of European airline business models: Classification and hybridisation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 93, 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102059
Morton, C., & Mattioli, G. (2023). Competition in Multi-Airport Regions: Measuring airport catchments through spatial interaction models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 112, 102457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2023.102457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2023.102457
O'Connell, J. (2025). The Airline Industry – A Comprehensive Overview. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032714561
Panda, L. (2025). E-Commerce Evolution: Tracing the Impact on Travel and Tourism Through Time. In: Albattat, A., Azman, N., & Valeri, M. (Eds.), Tracking Tourism Patterns and Improving Travel Experiences With Innovative Technologies. IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9636-0.ch005
Pels, E. (2023). Cost-Based Versus Incentive Regulation for Airports. In: Forsyth, P., Müller, J., Niemeier, H., Pels, E. (Eds), Economic Regulation of Urban and Regional Airports. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20341-1_5
Phang, S. (2016). A general framework for price regulation of airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 51, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.11.001
Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy. Free Press.
Prather, C. (2015). Airport Management. Aviation Supplies & Academics.
Rauch, R., Vrecko, I., & Mumel, D. (2025). Impact of Airport Ownership Forms on Passenger Terminal Construction Projects: Developing a Robust Assessment Model. Promet-Traffic & Transportation, 37(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v37i1.653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v37i1.653
Rifai, A., Manao, A., & Handayani, S. (2023). How airline service post COVID-19 pandemic? Domestic LCC passenger perception in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 429, 03001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342903013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342903013
Rotondo, F. (2019). An explorative analysis to identify airport business models. Research in Transportation Business & Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2019.100417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2019.100417
Salama, M., Bahsoon, R., & Bencomo, N. (2017). Managing Trade-offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures: A Systematic Mapping Study. In Mistrik, J. (Ed.), Managing Trade-offs in Adaptable Software Architectures. Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802855-1.00011-3
Samunderu, E. (2024). The Scope of the Global Aviation Industry. In: Samunderu, E. (Ed.), The Economic Effects of Air Transport Market Liberalisation. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61864-2
Sarin, N., & Jinger, P. (2025). Taxes and charges. In: Weber, L., & Wilson, J. (Eds.), The Elgar Companion to the Law and Practice of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035315987.00033
Scheelhaase, J., Ennen, D., & Frieske, B. (2022). How to support the economic recovery of aviation after COVID-19? Transportation Research Procedia, 62, 767-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.02.095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.02.095
Schmitt, D., & Gollnick, V. (2016). Air Transport System. Wien: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1880-1
Sengur, F. (2025). Airport governance in the age of disruption. In: Lohmann, G., & Spasojevic, B. (Eds.), Research Handbook on Air Transport. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803926988.00023
Shigetani Y. (2021). Theoretical Background of LCC Operation. EATSJ-Euro-Asia Tourism Studies Journal. https://doi.org/10.58345/EGEC8191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58345/EGEC8191
Shiyas, M., Kumar, C., & Ganguly, A. (2024). the role of airport retailing in building resilient and sustainable airport businesses. International Journal of Innovation, and Industrial Revolution, 6(19), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.35631/ IJIREV.619020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/IJIREV.619020
Sinta, A., Adi, E., Setyawati, A., Agusinta, L., & Mustapha, I. (2025). A Sustainable Airport Strategy During and Post Covid-19 Pandemic. In: Ismail, A., Zulkipli, F., Firdaus, M., & Öchsner, A. (Eds.), Logistics in the Modern Age. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91497-3_7
Socorro, M., Betancor, O., & de Rus, G. (2018). Feasibility and desirability of airport competition: The role of product substitutability and airlines' nationality. Journal of Air Transport Management, 67, 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.004
Spasojevic, B., & Lohmann, G. (2022). Air route development - Lessons from Australia. Journal of Air Transport Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102274
Su, M., Fan, W., Hu, B., & Su, Z. (2025). Impact of competition between high-speed rail and civil aviation on urban economic growth. Transport Policy, 165, 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.020
Sulistiyawan, E. (2025). Does trust mediate the determinant factor of airplane e-ticket purchase decisions using mobile applications? Journal Ilmiah Ekonomi Kita, 14(1), 463-484. https://doi.org/10.46367/iqtishaduna.v14i1.2451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46367/iqtishaduna.v14i1.2451
Sun, X., Wandelt, S., & Hansen, M. (2020). Airport Road Access at Planet Scale using Population Grid and Open Street map. Networks and Spatial Economics, 20, 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-019-09480-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-019-09480-7
Sun, X., Zheng, C., Wang, K., & Wandelt, S. (2025). A similarity analysis of multiple airport regions based on market concentration worldwide. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 60, 101372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101372
Taipalus, T. (2023). Systematic Mapping Study in Information Systems Research. Journal of the Midwest Association for Information Systems, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.17705/3jmwa.000079
Tan, A. (2015). The proposed E.U.-ASEAN comprehensive air transport agreement: What might it contain and can it work? Transport Policy, 43, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.009
Taneja, N. (2021). Airlines in a Post-Pandemic World. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003152705
Thelle, M., & Sonne, M. (2018). Airport competition in Europe. Journal of Air Transport Management, 67, 232-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.005
Vatankhah, S., Bamshad, V., Lohmann, G., & Shneikat, B. (2025). Airline business models as complex systems: assessing component interdependencies through interpretive structural modelling. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(2), 694–714. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2024-0060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2024-0060
Valdes, V., Corzo, O., & Canfield, C. (2024). Airport incentive regulation in practice. Journal of Air Transport Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102590
Varsamos, S. (2021). State Aid to Airports in the Era of COVID-19. Air and Space Law, 46(3), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2021024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/AILA2021024
Vogel, H. (2019). Foundations of Airport Economics and Finance. Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810528-3.00011-1
Wensveen, J. (2023). Air Transportation. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346156
Weber, L., & Wilson, J. (2025). The Elgar Companion to the Law and Practice of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035315987
Williams, G. (2017). The Airline Industry and the Impact of Deregulation. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315241463
Wittmer, A., Bieger, T., & Müller, R. (2021). Aviation Systems. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79549-8
Xiao, F., Dobruszkes, F., Mo, H., & Wang, J. (2025). Revisiting competition and complementarity in multiple airport systems: An analysis of air routes and flights. Transport Policy, 166, 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.02.024
Yoon, M., Lee, H., & Song, Y. (2017). Dynamic pricing & capacity assignment problem with cancellation and mark-up policies in airlines. Asia Pacific Management Review, 22, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2016.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2016.08.004
Zhang, H., Czerny, A., Grimme, W., & Niemeier, H. (2021). Why We Can Expect More Competition among European Low-Cost Carriers Post-Pandemic. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3790539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3790539
Zablotska, R., & Zaitsev, I. (2025). Institutional liberalization of the aviation services market in the European Unión. Аctual Problems of International Relations, 1(163), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2025.163.1.167-177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2025.163.1.167-177
