Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología

The effects of thermal aging on color and glossiness in UV cured coatings applied to sessile oak

Sırrı Şahin — 2024-10-04

Color and glossiness are two important aesthetic properties of wood flooring and wood furniture that significantly affect consumers choice. With time the coating deteriorates altering the surface properties. Understanding these changes is important for furniture industry, impacting design choices, material selection, and long-term maintenance.

The effects of thermal aging (30 °C for 30 days, 60 °C for 60 days, and 90 °C for 90 days) on color parameters (C*, L*, b*. a*, h^o) and glossiness on both perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (║) directions at 20°, 60°, and 85° angles in UV-cured coatings applied on sessile oak were studied. Results show that statistically significant differences were observed in the glossiness values, as well as in C*, b*, a*, L* and h^o. As the temperature and duration of the thermal aging process increased, there was a noticeable increase in the values of color parameters b*, a*, and C*, while the values of h^o and L* decreased. The characteristics of the surfaces exposed to thermal aging have undergone a complete transformation.

Some physical and mechanical properties of particle boards produced with hazelnut husk and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) plant

Selim Karahan — 2024-10-09

In this study, under laboratory conditions, hazelnut husk and astragalus plant were mixed separately into black pine wood chips, and multi-purpose boards were produced from the obtained chips with urea formaldehyde glue. After the hazelnut husk and astragalus plant were dried and ground, they were added to the chip and glue mixture in certain proportions. Hazelnut husk mixture ratios were applied as 100 %; 0 %, 75 %; 25 %, 50 %; 50 %, 25 %; 75 %, 0 %; 100 % to black pine wood chip in the particle board mixture. These ratios were made in the same way for the astragalus plant. From these mixtures, chipboard blanks of 16 mm thickness and densities between 0,68 g/cm³ and 0,72 g/cm³ were produced. Density, moisture content, thickness increase, water intake, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending and tensile strength perpendicular to the surface were tested in physical and mechanical experiments. According to the results obtained, as the participation rate of hazelnut shells and astragalus increased, the durability properties of the panels decreased. At the same time, it shows that the technological properties of the panels produced by adding up to 25 % astragalus plant and hazelnut shells to the mixture comply with the standards.

Thermal modification of fast-growing Firmiana simplex wood using tin alloy: Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties

Kufre Edet Okon — 2024-10-11

Wood is an important structural material, but some undesirable properties limit its application in construction. This study investigated the effect of tin alloy thermal modification (TTM) on selected physical and mechanical properties of Firmiana simplex (Chinese bottletree) wood. Tin alloy thermal modification of F. simplex was performed in a tin alloy bath at two different temperatures (150 ^oC and 210 ^oC for 2 h and 8 h). Physical properties such as swelling, water absorption and density and mechanical properties like modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, impact bending, compression strength and Brinell hardness of tin alloy thermal modified and control samples were evaluated. The results showed that tin alloy thermal modification decreased the swelling of the wood to 4,85 %, 1,45 % and 6,99 % along the tangential, radial and volumetric coefficient and water absorption and density decreased to 53,10 % and 290 kg/m³ respectively compared to the control. Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, impact bending, compression strength and Brinell hardness of tin alloy thermal modified F. simplex at 210 °C for 8 h decreased to 6366,1 MPa, 54,9 MPa, 2,7 MPa, 29,4 MPa and 1113,5 MPa respectively compared to the control. In conclusion, the tin alloy thermal modified wood at 210 ^oC significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of the wood.

Cement-bonded wood panels filled with duroplast sanitary ware wastes

Husnu Yel — 2024-11-07

The effect of using duroplast sanitary ware waste as a substitute for wood materials in cement-bonded wood panels was evaluated. Utilizing these wastes can provide considerable economic and environmental benefits by reducing the use of wood materials and the deposits in landfills. Cement-bonded wood panels were produced with the replacement of spruce wood materials by the duroplast sanitary ware waste particles in 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%. The produced panels were examined in terms of physical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties and compared with the related standards. Experimental findings demonstrated that water absorption, moisture content, and thickness swelling values of the panels were enhanced by the addition of duroplast sanitary ware waste. The duroplast sanitary ware waste did not affect the density of the panels. The bending strength and the modulus of elasticity of the cement-bonded wood panels can be increased up to 23 % and 5,6 %, respectively, by the addition of 10 wt% duroplast sanitary ware waste particles. However, the internal bond strength and the screw withdrawal resistance values were reduced by an increment in the use of duroplast sanitary ware waste. The scanning electron microscope observation revealed that there was no mechanical interlocking between the duroplast sanitary ware waste and cement, and the formations of voids in the panels increased with an increase in the duroplast sanitary ware waste particle content. The thermal analysis showed that the use of duroplast sanitary ware waste resulted in increased cement hydration products due to the reduction in the wood content of cement-bonded wood panels.

Effect of the heat treatment on the physicochemical characteristics of rubberwood: Results of thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy

Olga Shapchenkova — 2024-11-08

Heat treatment is an environmentally friendly method used to improve properties of rubberwood. In this work, the changes in the chemical composition, thermal behavior and thermal degradation kinetics of heat-treated Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) were evaluated using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The rubberwood samples were exposed to temperatures of 180 °C and 220 °C in air under atmospheric pressure for durations of 15 25 and 35 h. Thermal analysis revealed degradation of hemicelluloses, an increase in the relative proportions of cellulose and lignin in heat-treated rubberwood. The thermal decomposition of rubberwood heat-treated at 220 °C started at a higher temperature compared to untreated wood. A shift in the position of peaks on differential thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry curves of heat-treated samples was observed, indicating changes in the structure of wood polymers. The temperature of heat treatment had a stronger effect on the chemical composition of rubberwood than duration. Significant changes in the chemical composition of rubberwood occurred after the treatment duration of 15 h at both 180 °C and 220 °C. The duration of 25 h and 35 h had no further substantial effect. The isoconversional method of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa was used to determine the kinetics of thermal degradation of untreated and heat-treated rubberwood. It is found that the average values of activation energy in the conversion degree range of 0,05 - 0,65 (the thermal degradation of polysaccharides) increased with increasing treatment temperature and duration. Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated alterations in wood polymers.

La regularidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento y su empleo en la clasificación visual de la madera para su asignación al sistema Europeo de clases resistentes

Guillermo Riesco Muñoz — 2024-11-12

La homogeneidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento de la madera se asocia a una mayor rigidez y resistencia mecánica del material. Por ello, conocer la homogeneidad de la anchura de los anillos sería útil en la clasificación visual de la madera aserrada con fines resistentes. Sin embargo, no está cuantificada la influencia de la homogeneidad en el comportamiento resistente de la madera. En este trabajo se analizó la dispersión de la variable anchura de anillos para determinar su valor predictivo sobre la resistencia y la elasticidad a flexión axial en vigas de madera de Quercus robur (roble europeo). Para realizar el estudio se talaron 26 robles adultos en Galicia (noroeste de España). Los fustes obtenidos fueron aserrados para obtener tablones, que fueron secados al aire y posteriormente fueron cepillados hasta obtener vigas de dimensiones nominales 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. En una muestra de 52 de dichas vigas se obtuvo el módulo resistente a flexión axial, el módulo elástico a flexión axial, la densidad y la humedad de la madera, así como el porcentaje de albura y la anchura de cada anillo de crecimiento en la sección transversal de cada viga. Las variables descriptivas de la homogeneidad de anillos en cuyo cálculo intervienen los datos de todos los anillos de la viga (desviación típica, varianza, rango intercuartílico) estaban más relacionadas con las propiedades mecánicas. Las piezas con anillos homogéneos presentaban un módulo elástico y una resistencia a flexión estática significativamente mayores, siendo la correlación más destacada la existente entre la varianza de la anchura de anillos y el módulo elástico a flexión (R = -0,41**). No obstante, el valor de las correlaciones obtenidas no justifica la construcción de un modelo predictivo de la elasticidad o de la resistencia mecánica usando solo la homogeneidad de la anchura de anillos como variable predictora. Sin embargo, dado que el comportamiento mecánico se ve significativamente influenciado por la homogeneidad de los anillos, esta característica podría incorporarse en las normas de clasificación visual de la madera de roble con fines resistentes.

Evaluation of wood coating performance and volatile organic compounds

Umut Genc — 2024-11-14

The aim of this study was to evaluate the environment-performance relationship of surface coating applications on data obtained by measuring the emission rates of volatile organic compounds in polyurethane and water-based varnishes. For this purpose, polyurethane and water-based varnishes from five different companies were applied to the test samples of Entandrophragma cylindricum (sapele) and Piptadeniastrum africanum (dabema), both widely used in the production of urban furniture. Volatile organic compound, hardness and adhesion strength were measured during application. When evaluated in terms of performance, polyurethane varnishes showed superior hardness, while water-based varnishes demonstrated better adhesion after the UV test. The hardness values of polyurethane varnishes before and after the UV aging test were 15,9 s and 79,403 s, respectively, while forwater-based varnishes were , the values were 114,92 s and 75,406 s. The adhesion values of water-based varnishes were 2,885 MPa and 1,18 MPa before and after the UV aging test, and for polyurethane varnishes 3,13 MPa and 1,05 MPa for. When the environment-oriented results were evaluated, the ; emission values of volatile organic compounds in polyurethane varnish applications were found to be significantly higher than those in in water-based varnishes applications. While the total emission rate of volatile organic compounds detected in polyurethane varnishes was 53,63 mg/Nm³, while only one brand of water-based varnishes showed a measurable emission value, recorded at 0,0057 mg/Nm³. The volatile organic compounds emission values of other water-based varnishes were below the device detection limit (<0,0035 mg/Nm³), and therefore could not be measured.