Microstructural characterization and evaluation of certain important physical properties of thuja burl wood
Abstract
This investigation aimed to characterize certain important anatomical, chemical and physical properties of Tetraclinis articulate (Thuja) burl wood from Morocco. Anatomical properties and constituent structure were analysed using image analysis system, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and powder x-ray diffraction techniques. A few important physical properties of Thuja burl wood such as density, specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), total swelling and water absorption characteristics were evaluated. Real-time water absorption and swelling profiles were recorded electronically using a digital force sensor and linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) respectively. Microscopic structure observed on fractured surfaces showed very compact and thread-like fibers. Average crystallinity index and diameter of cellulose crystallite was found to be 0.35±0.03 and 36.00±5.58 Å respectively. The average values of air-dry density and the EMC of Thuja burl wood were 932.67±50.57 kg/m3 and 10.19±1.43% respectively. Swelling profile as a function of the water immersion duration followed a curvilinear variation with maximum swelling coefficient of 2.9±0.43% after 24 hour from oven-dry condition. The suitability of this wood for decorative and handicraft items is attributed mainly to its dense microstructure, higher dimensional stability, lower water absorption, random grain texture, dark brownish with intense and pleasant smell.
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References
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Shukla, S.R.; Kamdem, D.P. 2010b. Dimensional stability of nine tropical hardwoods from Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(4): 389–396.
Thygesen, A.; Oddershede, J.; Lilholt, H.; Thomsen, A.B.; Stahl, K. 2005. On the determination of crystallinity and cellulose content in plant fibers. Cellulose 12 (6): 563-576.
Var, A.A.; Oktem, E. 1999. Reduction by natural resin of water uptake in various wood species. Tr J of Agriculture and Forestry 23: 413-418.
Viiri, J.; Tyrväinen, H. 1999. A new method of measuring the water uptake of wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57(3): 205-206.
Wellwood, R.W.; Sastry, C.B.R.; Micko, M.M.; Paszner, L. 1975. X-ray diffraction studies: A statistical evaluation of crystallinity index of Ramie by different methods. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 21(5): 272-277.
Andersson, S.; Wikberg, H.; Pesonen, E.; Maunu, S.L.; Serimaa, R. 2004. Studies of crystallinity of Scots pine and Norway spruce cellulose. Trees 18: 346–353.
ASTM. 2008. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard test method for small clear specimens of timber. D 143-94 (Reapproved in 2000). American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, PA (USA).
Beals, H.O.; Davis, T.C. 1977. Figure in wood- an illustrated review. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn Alabama, Bulletin No. 486, 5 pp.
Bouhtoury-Charrier, F.E.; Hakam, A.; Famiri, A.; Ziani, M.; Charrier, B. 2009. Wood characterization of Tetraclinis articulata and evaluation of its resistance against lignilolytic fungi. Doc No. IRG/WP 09-10697, Paper prepared for the 40th Annual Meeting, Beijing, China: 24-28 May, The International Research Group on Wood Protection, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden.
El Alami, S.; El Mouridi, M.; Laurent, T.; Calchera, G.; Famiri, A.; Hakam, A.; Kabouchi, B.; Gril, J. 2013. Fracture energy of wood and root burl wood of thuya (Tetraclinis articulata). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 25(2): 166–174.
Esteban, L.G.; De Palacios, P.; Garcia-Iruela, A.; Roman-Jordán, E.; Garcia Fernandez, F.; Diaz, S.; Conde, M. 2015. Wood anatomy of Tetraclinis articulata from its natural distribution area in southeast Spain. IAWA Journal 36(1): 22-35.
FPL. 1999. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113. Forest Product Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, WI (USA), 463 pp.
Hatimi, M. 1994. Approvisionnement du secteur artisanal en souches et bois de thuya dans la province d’Essaouira (SW du Maroc). Master thesis, Ecole Nationale Forestiere d’Ingenieurs, Sale, Morocco.
Howell, C.; Hastrup, A.C.S.; Jellison, J. 2007. The use of x-ray diffraction for analyzing bio modification of crystalline cellulose by wood decay fungi. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 38th Annual Meeting, 20-24 May, Wyoming (USA), IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ibaez, J.M.; Castanedo, J.L.; Santa, C.F.; Navarro, H.A.; Moreno, G.P. 1989. Data on a population of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. Ecologia 3: 99-106.
Kaiser, J. 1997. Thuya burl: The underground treasure. Wood & Wood Products 102 (5): 1-4.
Khazaei, J. 2008. Water absorption characteristics of three wood varieties. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, Vol. XLI, No. 2 (134): 5-16.
Meier, E. 2015. Wood! Identifying and using hundreds of woods worldwide. Publisher: The Wood Database, pp 272, Available at http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/softwoods/thuya (Accessed 26 October 2015).
Mouridi, M. El; Laurent, T.; Famiri, A.; Kabouchi, B.; Almeras, T.; Calchera, G.; Abid, A.; El Ziani, M.; Gril, J.; Hakam, A. 2011a. Physical characterization of the root burl wood of Thuja (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters). Physical and Chemical News Journal 59: 57-64.
Mouridi, M. El; Laurent, T.; Brancheriau, L.; Arnould, O.; Famiri, A.; Abdelillah, H.; Gril, J. 2011b. Searching for material symmetries in the burr wood of Thuja by a direct contact ultrasonic method on spherical samples. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 13(3): 285-296.
Moussaouiti, M. El; Talbaoui, A.; Gmouh, S.; Aberchane, M.; Benjouad, A.; Bakri, Y.; Kamdem, D.P. 2010. Chemical composition and bactericidal evaluation of essential oil of burl wood from Morocco. J Ind Acad Wood Sci 7(1-2): 14-18.
Navi, P.; Sandberg, D. 2012. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Processing of Wood. EPFL Press, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, USA. Pp 360.
Newman, R.H. 2004. Homogeneity in cellulose crystallinity between samples of Pinus radiata wood. Holzforschung 58: 91-96.
Sanchez-Gomez, P.; Jimenez, J.F.; Vera, J.B.; Sanchez-Saorín, F.J.; Martinez, J.F.; Buhagiar, J. 2013. Genetic structure of Tetraclinis articulata, an endangered conifer of the western Mediter-ranean basin. Silva Fennica 45(5):14.
Segal, L.; Creely, J.J.; Martin, Jr A.E.; Conrad, C.M. 1959. An empirical method for estimating the degree of cystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Textile Research J 29(10): 786-794.
Shukla, S.R.; Kamdem, D.P. 2010a. Swelling of polyvinyl alcohol, melamine and urethane treated southern pine wood. Eur J Wood and Wood Products 68 (2): 161-165.
Shukla, S.R.; Kamdem, D.P. 2010b. Dimensional stability of nine tropical hardwoods from Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(4): 389–396.
Thygesen, A.; Oddershede, J.; Lilholt, H.; Thomsen, A.B.; Stahl, K. 2005. On the determination of crystallinity and cellulose content in plant fibers. Cellulose 12 (6): 563-576.
Var, A.A.; Oktem, E. 1999. Reduction by natural resin of water uptake in various wood species. Tr J of Agriculture and Forestry 23: 413-418.
Viiri, J.; Tyrväinen, H. 1999. A new method of measuring the water uptake of wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57(3): 205-206.
Wellwood, R.W.; Sastry, C.B.R.; Micko, M.M.; Paszner, L. 1975. X-ray diffraction studies: A statistical evaluation of crystallinity index of Ramie by different methods. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 21(5): 272-277.
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Published
2017-11-29
How to Cite
Shukla, S., & Kamdem, D. (2017). Microstructural characterization and evaluation of certain important physical properties of thuja burl wood. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 20(2), 239–248. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3062
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