Chemical composition and termiticidal activity of Khaya ivorensis stem bark extracts on woods
Keywords:
Bioactive compounds, chemical analysis, phytochemical extracts, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Vitex doniana, wood treatabilityAbstract
The genus Khaya is extractives rich, but the extractives in the stem bark are among the most abundant, accessible and utilised materials in Nigeria. These extractives are of considerable interest for wood protection because of their pesticidal properties. In this study, the chemical constituents of Khaya ivorensis stem bark and their termiticidal activity were investigated on Triplochiton scleroxylon and Vitex doniana woods. Spectrophoto-metric and Forlin-Ciocalteu analyses showed that Khaya ivorensis stem bark contained total: alkaloids 38.98±0.02 mg/g, flavonoids 0.37±0.02 mg/g, phenol 50.62±0.11 mg/g, saponins 156.31±0.76 mg/g, and tannins 59.95±0.54 mg/g. Field tests demonstrated that the extract from Khaya ivorensis stem bark had significant termiticidal activity at tested concentrations compared to the control. The results indicated that Khaya ivorensis stem bark has potential as a natural agent for termite control.
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References
ABDEGALEIL, S.A.M.; EL-ASWAD, A.F. 2005. Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of tetranortriterpenoids isolated from three meliaceous species on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1: 234-241.
ABDEGALEIL, S.A.M.; HASHINAGA, F.; NAKATANI, M. 2005. Antifungal activity of limonoids from Khaya ivorensis. Pest Management Science 61 (2): 186-190. DOI: 10.1002/ps.978
ABDEGALEIL, S.A.M.; IWAGAWA, T.; NAKATANI, M. 2004. Antifungal limonoids from the fruits of Khaya senegalensis. Fitoterapia 75 (6): 566-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.06.001.
ADEDEJI, G.A. 2016. Potential of Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. and Lawsonia inermis Linn. extracts as preservatives for two non-durable woods. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 292 pp.
ADEMOLA, I.O.; FAGBEMI, B.O., IDOWU, S.O. 2004. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of Khaya senegalensis extract against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies. Vet Parasitol 122: 151-164.
ADESIDA, G.A.; ADESOGAN, E.K.; OKORIE, D.A.; TAYLOR, D.A.H.; STYLES, B.T. 1971. The limonoids chemistry of genus Khaya (Meliaceae). Phytochemistry 10: 1845-1853.
ADESOGAN, E.K.; TAYLOR, D.A.H. 1970. Limonoid extractives from Khaya ivorensis. J Chem Soc (C) 12: 1710-1714.
AGBEDAHUNSI, JM.; FAKOYA, FA.; ADESANYA, SA. 2004. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of the stem bark of Khaya ivorensis (Meliaceae) on rats. Phytomedicine 11(6):504-8 DOI:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.07.009.
AJAYI, O.; AGBOLA, S.B.; OLOKESUSI, B.F.; WAHAB, B.; TAIWO, O.J.; GBADEGESIN, M.; TAIWO, D.O.; KOLAWOLE, O.; MUILI, A.; ADEOLA, M.A.; OLUTADE, O.G.; SHIJI, F.; ABIOLA, N.A. 2012. Flood Management in an Urban Setting: A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis. Special Publication of the Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences pp. 65-81.
ANTWI-BOASIAKO, C.; BOADU, K.B.; FRIMPONG-MENSAH, K. 2017. Termite resistance of Klainedoxa gabonensis (Kruma), a tropical lesser-utilised-species for commercial utilisation. International Wood Products Journal 8(2): 120-126. DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2017.1317470.
ASAMOAH, A.; FRIMPONG-MENSAH, K.; ANTWI-BOASIAKO, C. 2014. Efficacy of Erythropleum suaveolens (potrodom) and Distemonanthus benthamianus (bonsamdua) water extractives on the durability of five Ghanaian less used timber species of varying perviousness and retentiveness. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 11 (1): 72-81.
BABAJIDE, J.M.; ATANDA, O.O.; IBRAHIM, T.A.; MAJOLAGBE, H.O.; AKINBAYODE, S.A. 2008. Quantitative effect of Piliostigma thionnigii and Khaya ivorensis leaves on the microbial load of dry-yam “gbodo”. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2: 292-298.
BABAJIDE, J.M.; BABAJIDE, S.O.; OYEWOLE, O.B. 2007. Survey of Traditional Dry-yam slices (Gbodo) processing operation in South west Nigeria. America-Eurasian J Sustainable Agric 1(1):45-49.
BS EN 252. 2014. Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact. European Committee for Standardisation, 28 pp.
CHAN, E.W.C.; LIM, Y.Y.; CHEW, Y.L. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. J Food Chemistry 102: 1214-1222.
CHOUDHURY, M.K.; BOSHE, F.D. 2013. Toxicity of Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) seed oil against the larvae of Boophilus decoloratus: A One-host tick in Cattle. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 66 (2): 137-140. DOI: 10.1007/s12595-012-0058-8.
EMERHI, E.A.; ADEDEJI, G.A.; OGUNSANWO, O.Y. 2015. Termites’ resistance of wood treated with Lagenaria breviflora B. Robert fruit pulp extract. Nature and Science 13(5): 105-109.
EWETE, F.K.; BAMIGBOLA, K.A. 1998. Effects of three natural products extracts as toxicants against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infesting Bambara groundnut. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 14: 1-8.
FALODUN, A.; POH, C.D.; ADELUSI, S.A.; EMMANUEL, O. 2009. Phytochemical and anti inflammatory evaluation of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark extract. Int J PharmTech Res 1(4): 1061-1064.
HIAI, S.H.; URA, O.; NAKAJIMA, T. 1976. Colour reaction of some sapogenins and Saponins with vanillin and sulphuric acid. Plant Med 29: 116-122.
IWU, M. 1993. Handbook of African medicinal plants, pharmacognostical pofile of selected medicinal plants. CRC Press Inc pp 196-197.
JI, K.; LIAO, S.; ZHENG, X.; NA, Z.; HU, H., ZHANG, P., XU, Y. 2014. Limonoids from the Fruits of Khaya ivorensis. Molecules 19 (3): 3004-3011. DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033004.
KADIR, R. 2017. Toxic effects of three selected Malaysian timbers plant extracts against Subterranean termites. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 19(4): 417-432. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000201.
KALE, A.; GAIKWAD, S.; MUNDHE, K.; DESHPANDE, N., SALVE-KAR, J. 2010. Quantification of Phenolics and Flavonoids by Spectrophotometer from Juglans regia. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 1: 1-4.
KAYODE, J.; JOSE, R.A.; IGE, O.E.; 2009. Conservation and biodiversity erosion in Ondo State, Nigeria: Assessing botanicals used in the cure of sexually transmitted diseases in Owo Region. Ethnobotanical leaflets 13: 734-738.
KHAZAEI, J. 2008. Water absorption characteristics of three wood varieties. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova XLI (2): 5-16.
LAWAL, I.O.; IGBOANUGO, A.B.I.; OSIKARBOR, B.; DUYILEMI, O.P.; ADESOGA, A.A.; BOROKINI, T.I.; ADEYANJU, B.A. 2010. Evaluation of plant-based non timber forest products (ntfps) as potential bioactive drugs in South-western Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research 3(4), 061-066.
LENZ, M.; CREFFIELD, J.W.; EVANS, T.A.; KARD, B.; VONGKALUANG, C.; SORNNUWAT, Y.; PRESTON, A.F. 2003. International comparison of three field methods for assessing the in-ground resistance of preservative-treated and untreated wood to termites and fungal decay - Summary of observations after five years. IRG/WP 03-20261. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, 19 pp.
LENZ, M.; CREFFIELD, J.W.; EVANS, T.A.; KARD, B.; VONGKALUANG, C.; SORNNUWAT, Y.; LEE, C.Y.; YOSHIMURA, T.; TSUNODA, K. 2011. Resistance of Polyamide and Polyethylene cable sheathings to termites in Australia, Thailand, USA, Malaysia and Japan: A comparison of four field assessment methods. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 66: 53-62.
LOKO, Y,L.; DANSI, A.; TAMO, M.; BOKONON-GANTA, A.H.; ASSOGBA, P.; DANSI, M.; VODOUHE, R.; AKOEGNINOU, A.; SANNI, A. 2013. Storage insects on yam chips and their traditional management in Northern Benin. Science World Journal 484536 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484536.
MAKKAR, H.P.S.; SIDDHURAJU, P.; BECKER, K.; 2007. Molecular Biology: Plant secondary metabolites. 1st Edition, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, New Jersey, USA, pp 93-100.
OGUNSANWO, O.Y.; ADEDEJI, G.A. 2010. Effect of bark extract of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guillemin & Perrottet) Brenan on fungal activities in wood of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Journal of Environmental Extension 9: 56-62.
OLADIMEJI, A.; ALIYU, T.H.; BALOGUN, O.S.; FABIYI, O.A.; OLATUNJI, G.A. 2013. Effect of aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Khaya ivorensis A Chev (Meliaceae) on the control of rice seed-borne fungi. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture Food and Environment 9(1): 72-75.
OLAJUYIGBE, S.O.; OGUNSANWO, O.Y.; ADEGEYE, A.O. 2010. Compressive strength in heartwood Extract of Teak (HWE) treated hardwoods after exposure to white rot attack. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4(3): 571-578.
OLAYINKA, O.A.; ONORUVWE, O.; LOTI, T.Y. 1992. Cardiovascular effects in rodents of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. Phytother Res 6: 282-284.
OLUSOLA, J.A.; OYELEKE, O.O. 2015. Survey and documentation of medicinal plants in Wildlife Park of Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Sciences Research 3 (1): 238-246.
OMOLE, A.O.; ONILUDE, M.A. 2000. Study on use of engine oil as wood preservative. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 16 (1): 66-71.
OSHUNSANYA, S.O. 2013. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity from selected properties of Alfisol using Pedo-transfer functions - a case study of the Iwo sandy loam, Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 15(1): 135-143.
PADMAJA, G. 1989. Evaluation of techniques to reduce assay-able tannin and cyanide in cassava leaves. J Agric Food Chem 37: 712-716.
SATTI, A.A.; ELAMIN, M.M. 2012. Insecticidal activities of two Meliaceous plants against Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). International Journal of Science and Nature 3 (3): 696-701.
SINGH, D.K.; SRIVASTVA, B.; SAHU, A. 2004. Spectrophoto-metric determination of Rauwolfia alkaloids, estimation of reserpine in pharmaceuticals. Analytical Sci 20: 571-573.
STEPHEN, U.A.; ABIODUN, F.; OSAHON, O.; EWAEN, E. 2009. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark. Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (1): 63-67.
SYOFUNA, A.; BANANA, A.Y.; NAKABONGE, G. 2012. Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 14(2): 155-163. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2012000200003.
TAIWO, E.A.; OGUNBODEDE, R.A. 1995. Production of tannin adhesives from bark of Nigerian trees. Wood Science and Technology 29: 103-108. DOI: 10.1007/BF00229339.
TAYLOR, D.A.H. 1977. The structure of an extractive from Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 16 (11): 1847-1849.
TEPONGNING, R.N.; LUCANTONI, L.; NASUTI, C.C.; DORI, G.U.; YERBANGA, S.R.; LUPIDI, G.; MARINI, C.; ROSSI, G.; ESPOSITO, F.; HABLUETZEL, A. 2011. Potential of a Khaya ivorensis – Alstonia boonei extract combination as antimalarial prophylactic remedy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 743-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.036.
TEPONGNING, R.N.; YERBANGA, S.R.; DORI, G.U.; LUCANTONI, L.; LUPIDI, G.; HABLUETZEL, A. 2013. In vivo efficacy and toxicity studies on Erythrina and Khaya ivorensis used as herbal remedies for malaria prevention in Cameroon. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3 (3): 454-464.
VANUCCI, C.; LANGE, C.; LHOMMET, G.; DUPONT, B.; DAVOUST, D.; VAUCHOT, B.; CLEMENT, J.L.; BRUNK, F. 1992. An insect antifeedant Limonoids from seed of Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 31: 3003-3004. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)83435-2.
ZHANG, B.; YANG, S.P.; YIN, S.; ZHANG, C.R.; WU, Y.; YUE, J.M. 2009. Limonoids from Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 70: 1305-1308. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.016.
ABDEGALEIL, S.A.M.; HASHINAGA, F.; NAKATANI, M. 2005. Antifungal activity of limonoids from Khaya ivorensis. Pest Management Science 61 (2): 186-190. DOI: 10.1002/ps.978
ABDEGALEIL, S.A.M.; IWAGAWA, T.; NAKATANI, M. 2004. Antifungal limonoids from the fruits of Khaya senegalensis. Fitoterapia 75 (6): 566-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.06.001.
ADEDEJI, G.A. 2016. Potential of Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. and Lawsonia inermis Linn. extracts as preservatives for two non-durable woods. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 292 pp.
ADEMOLA, I.O.; FAGBEMI, B.O., IDOWU, S.O. 2004. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of Khaya senegalensis extract against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies. Vet Parasitol 122: 151-164.
ADESIDA, G.A.; ADESOGAN, E.K.; OKORIE, D.A.; TAYLOR, D.A.H.; STYLES, B.T. 1971. The limonoids chemistry of genus Khaya (Meliaceae). Phytochemistry 10: 1845-1853.
ADESOGAN, E.K.; TAYLOR, D.A.H. 1970. Limonoid extractives from Khaya ivorensis. J Chem Soc (C) 12: 1710-1714.
AGBEDAHUNSI, JM.; FAKOYA, FA.; ADESANYA, SA. 2004. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of the stem bark of Khaya ivorensis (Meliaceae) on rats. Phytomedicine 11(6):504-8 DOI:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.07.009.
AJAYI, O.; AGBOLA, S.B.; OLOKESUSI, B.F.; WAHAB, B.; TAIWO, O.J.; GBADEGESIN, M.; TAIWO, D.O.; KOLAWOLE, O.; MUILI, A.; ADEOLA, M.A.; OLUTADE, O.G.; SHIJI, F.; ABIOLA, N.A. 2012. Flood Management in an Urban Setting: A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis. Special Publication of the Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences pp. 65-81.
ANTWI-BOASIAKO, C.; BOADU, K.B.; FRIMPONG-MENSAH, K. 2017. Termite resistance of Klainedoxa gabonensis (Kruma), a tropical lesser-utilised-species for commercial utilisation. International Wood Products Journal 8(2): 120-126. DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2017.1317470.
ASAMOAH, A.; FRIMPONG-MENSAH, K.; ANTWI-BOASIAKO, C. 2014. Efficacy of Erythropleum suaveolens (potrodom) and Distemonanthus benthamianus (bonsamdua) water extractives on the durability of five Ghanaian less used timber species of varying perviousness and retentiveness. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 11 (1): 72-81.
BABAJIDE, J.M.; ATANDA, O.O.; IBRAHIM, T.A.; MAJOLAGBE, H.O.; AKINBAYODE, S.A. 2008. Quantitative effect of Piliostigma thionnigii and Khaya ivorensis leaves on the microbial load of dry-yam “gbodo”. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2: 292-298.
BABAJIDE, J.M.; BABAJIDE, S.O.; OYEWOLE, O.B. 2007. Survey of Traditional Dry-yam slices (Gbodo) processing operation in South west Nigeria. America-Eurasian J Sustainable Agric 1(1):45-49.
BS EN 252. 2014. Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact. European Committee for Standardisation, 28 pp.
CHAN, E.W.C.; LIM, Y.Y.; CHEW, Y.L. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. J Food Chemistry 102: 1214-1222.
CHOUDHURY, M.K.; BOSHE, F.D. 2013. Toxicity of Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) seed oil against the larvae of Boophilus decoloratus: A One-host tick in Cattle. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 66 (2): 137-140. DOI: 10.1007/s12595-012-0058-8.
EMERHI, E.A.; ADEDEJI, G.A.; OGUNSANWO, O.Y. 2015. Termites’ resistance of wood treated with Lagenaria breviflora B. Robert fruit pulp extract. Nature and Science 13(5): 105-109.
EWETE, F.K.; BAMIGBOLA, K.A. 1998. Effects of three natural products extracts as toxicants against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infesting Bambara groundnut. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 14: 1-8.
FALODUN, A.; POH, C.D.; ADELUSI, S.A.; EMMANUEL, O. 2009. Phytochemical and anti inflammatory evaluation of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark extract. Int J PharmTech Res 1(4): 1061-1064.
HIAI, S.H.; URA, O.; NAKAJIMA, T. 1976. Colour reaction of some sapogenins and Saponins with vanillin and sulphuric acid. Plant Med 29: 116-122.
IWU, M. 1993. Handbook of African medicinal plants, pharmacognostical pofile of selected medicinal plants. CRC Press Inc pp 196-197.
JI, K.; LIAO, S.; ZHENG, X.; NA, Z.; HU, H., ZHANG, P., XU, Y. 2014. Limonoids from the Fruits of Khaya ivorensis. Molecules 19 (3): 3004-3011. DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033004.
KADIR, R. 2017. Toxic effects of three selected Malaysian timbers plant extracts against Subterranean termites. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 19(4): 417-432. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000201.
KALE, A.; GAIKWAD, S.; MUNDHE, K.; DESHPANDE, N., SALVE-KAR, J. 2010. Quantification of Phenolics and Flavonoids by Spectrophotometer from Juglans regia. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 1: 1-4.
KAYODE, J.; JOSE, R.A.; IGE, O.E.; 2009. Conservation and biodiversity erosion in Ondo State, Nigeria: Assessing botanicals used in the cure of sexually transmitted diseases in Owo Region. Ethnobotanical leaflets 13: 734-738.
KHAZAEI, J. 2008. Water absorption characteristics of three wood varieties. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova XLI (2): 5-16.
LAWAL, I.O.; IGBOANUGO, A.B.I.; OSIKARBOR, B.; DUYILEMI, O.P.; ADESOGA, A.A.; BOROKINI, T.I.; ADEYANJU, B.A. 2010. Evaluation of plant-based non timber forest products (ntfps) as potential bioactive drugs in South-western Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research 3(4), 061-066.
LENZ, M.; CREFFIELD, J.W.; EVANS, T.A.; KARD, B.; VONGKALUANG, C.; SORNNUWAT, Y.; PRESTON, A.F. 2003. International comparison of three field methods for assessing the in-ground resistance of preservative-treated and untreated wood to termites and fungal decay - Summary of observations after five years. IRG/WP 03-20261. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, 19 pp.
LENZ, M.; CREFFIELD, J.W.; EVANS, T.A.; KARD, B.; VONGKALUANG, C.; SORNNUWAT, Y.; LEE, C.Y.; YOSHIMURA, T.; TSUNODA, K. 2011. Resistance of Polyamide and Polyethylene cable sheathings to termites in Australia, Thailand, USA, Malaysia and Japan: A comparison of four field assessment methods. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 66: 53-62.
LOKO, Y,L.; DANSI, A.; TAMO, M.; BOKONON-GANTA, A.H.; ASSOGBA, P.; DANSI, M.; VODOUHE, R.; AKOEGNINOU, A.; SANNI, A. 2013. Storage insects on yam chips and their traditional management in Northern Benin. Science World Journal 484536 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484536.
MAKKAR, H.P.S.; SIDDHURAJU, P.; BECKER, K.; 2007. Molecular Biology: Plant secondary metabolites. 1st Edition, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, New Jersey, USA, pp 93-100.
OGUNSANWO, O.Y.; ADEDEJI, G.A. 2010. Effect of bark extract of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guillemin & Perrottet) Brenan on fungal activities in wood of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Journal of Environmental Extension 9: 56-62.
OLADIMEJI, A.; ALIYU, T.H.; BALOGUN, O.S.; FABIYI, O.A.; OLATUNJI, G.A. 2013. Effect of aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Khaya ivorensis A Chev (Meliaceae) on the control of rice seed-borne fungi. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture Food and Environment 9(1): 72-75.
OLAJUYIGBE, S.O.; OGUNSANWO, O.Y.; ADEGEYE, A.O. 2010. Compressive strength in heartwood Extract of Teak (HWE) treated hardwoods after exposure to white rot attack. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4(3): 571-578.
OLAYINKA, O.A.; ONORUVWE, O.; LOTI, T.Y. 1992. Cardiovascular effects in rodents of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. Phytother Res 6: 282-284.
OLUSOLA, J.A.; OYELEKE, O.O. 2015. Survey and documentation of medicinal plants in Wildlife Park of Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Sciences Research 3 (1): 238-246.
OMOLE, A.O.; ONILUDE, M.A. 2000. Study on use of engine oil as wood preservative. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 16 (1): 66-71.
OSHUNSANYA, S.O. 2013. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity from selected properties of Alfisol using Pedo-transfer functions - a case study of the Iwo sandy loam, Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 15(1): 135-143.
PADMAJA, G. 1989. Evaluation of techniques to reduce assay-able tannin and cyanide in cassava leaves. J Agric Food Chem 37: 712-716.
SATTI, A.A.; ELAMIN, M.M. 2012. Insecticidal activities of two Meliaceous plants against Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). International Journal of Science and Nature 3 (3): 696-701.
SINGH, D.K.; SRIVASTVA, B.; SAHU, A. 2004. Spectrophoto-metric determination of Rauwolfia alkaloids, estimation of reserpine in pharmaceuticals. Analytical Sci 20: 571-573.
STEPHEN, U.A.; ABIODUN, F.; OSAHON, O.; EWAEN, E. 2009. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark. Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (1): 63-67.
SYOFUNA, A.; BANANA, A.Y.; NAKABONGE, G. 2012. Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 14(2): 155-163. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2012000200003.
TAIWO, E.A.; OGUNBODEDE, R.A. 1995. Production of tannin adhesives from bark of Nigerian trees. Wood Science and Technology 29: 103-108. DOI: 10.1007/BF00229339.
TAYLOR, D.A.H. 1977. The structure of an extractive from Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 16 (11): 1847-1849.
TEPONGNING, R.N.; LUCANTONI, L.; NASUTI, C.C.; DORI, G.U.; YERBANGA, S.R.; LUPIDI, G.; MARINI, C.; ROSSI, G.; ESPOSITO, F.; HABLUETZEL, A. 2011. Potential of a Khaya ivorensis – Alstonia boonei extract combination as antimalarial prophylactic remedy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 743-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.036.
TEPONGNING, R.N.; YERBANGA, S.R.; DORI, G.U.; LUCANTONI, L.; LUPIDI, G.; HABLUETZEL, A. 2013. In vivo efficacy and toxicity studies on Erythrina and Khaya ivorensis used as herbal remedies for malaria prevention in Cameroon. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3 (3): 454-464.
VANUCCI, C.; LANGE, C.; LHOMMET, G.; DUPONT, B.; DAVOUST, D.; VAUCHOT, B.; CLEMENT, J.L.; BRUNK, F. 1992. An insect antifeedant Limonoids from seed of Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 31: 3003-3004. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)83435-2.
ZHANG, B.; YANG, S.P.; YIN, S.; ZHANG, C.R.; WU, Y.; YUE, J.M. 2009. Limonoids from Khaya ivorensis. Phytochemistry 70: 1305-1308. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.016.
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2018-07-01
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Adetoye ADEDEJI, G., Yekin OGUNSANWO, O., Sarah EGUAKUN, F., & Olayemi ELUFIOYE, T. (2018). Chemical composition and termiticidal activity of Khaya ivorensis stem bark extracts on woods. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 20(3), 315–324. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3120
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