Effect of loading rate on mechanical properties of micro-sized oak wood
Keywords:
Bending strength, compression strength, modulus of elasticity, Quercus petraea, tensile strength.Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of loading rate on the micro-mechanical properties of oak (Quercus petraea) wood. Bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, compression strength parallel to the grain and tensile strength parallel to the grain were determined using microsized test samples. Three different loading rates were used for each test. The first loading rates were determined according to related ISO standards and the second and third loading rates were determined for half and a quarter of the standard loading rates. Results showed that the loading rate significantly affected the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and compression strength of the oak wood, while the bending strength was not affected.Downloads
References
Brandt, C.W.; Fridley, K.J. 2003. Effect of loading rate on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites. Wood Fiber Sci 35(1):135-147.
Deomano, E.C.; Zink-Sharp, A. 2004. Bending properties of wood flakes of three southern species. Wood Fiber Sci 36(4):493-499.
Dinwoodie, J.M. 2000. Timber: Its Nature and Behaviour. CRC Press, USA.
Gerhards, C.C. 1977. Effect of duration and rate of loading on strength of wood and wood-based materials. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Wisconsin, USA, p. 24.
Gerhards, C.C.; Link, C.L. 1986. Effect of loading rate on bending strength of Douglas-fir 2 by 4’s. Forest Prod J 36(2):63-66.
Green, D.W.; Winandy, J.E.; Kretschmann, D.E. 1999. Mechanical properties of wood. In: Wood Handbook-Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI, p. 463.
Groom, L.; Shaler, S.; Mott, L. 2002. Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part III. Global relationships between fiber properties and fiber location within an individual tree. Wood Fiber Sci 34(2):238-250.
Hindman, D.P.; Lee, J.N. 2007. Modeling wood strands as multi-layer composites: bending and tension loads. Wood Fiber Sci 39(4):516-526.
Hunt, M.O.; Triche, M.H.; Mccabe, G.P.; Hoover, W.L. 1989. Tensile properties of yellowpoplar veneer strands. Forest Products J 39(9):31-33.
ISO 13061-3. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of wood -- Test methods for small clear wood specimens -- Part 3: Determination of ultimate strength in static bending. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO 13061-4. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of wood -- Test methods for small clear wood specimens -- Part 4: Determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO 13061-6. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of wood -- Test methods for small clear wood specimens -- Part 6: Determination of ultimate tensile stress parallel to grain. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO/DIS 13061-17. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of wood -- Test methods for small clear wood specimens -- Part 17: Determination of ultimate stress in compression parallel to grain. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Jeong, G.Y. 2008. Tensile properties of loblolly pine strands using digital image correlation and stochastic finite element method. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Jeong, G.Y.; Hindman, D.P.; Finkenbinder, D.; Lee, J.N.; Lin, Z. 2008. Effect of loading rate and thickness on the tensile properties of wood strands. Forest Prod J 58(10):33-37.
Jeong, G.Y.; Zink-Sharp, A.; Hindman, D.P. 2009. Tensile properties of earlywood and latewood from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) using digital image correlation. Wood Fiber Sci 41(1):51-63.
Kohan, N.; Via, B.K.; Taylor, S. 2012. A Comparison of Geometry Effect on Tensile Testing of Wood Strands. Forest Prod J 62(3):167-170.
Kretschmann, D.E.; Cramer, S.M.; Lakes, R.; Schmidt, T. 2006. Selected mesostructure properties in loblolly pine from Arkansas plantations. In: Stokke, D.D., Groom, L.H. (eds.), Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 149 - 170.
Lakes, R.S. 2009. Viscoelastic Materials. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. Lanvermann, C.; Hass, P.; Wittel, F.K.; Niemz, P. 2014. Mechanical properties of Norway spruce: intra-ring variation and generic behavior of earlywood and latewood until failure. Bioresources 9:105-119.
Liska, J.A. 1950. Effect of rapid loading on the compressive and flexural strength of wood. Forest Products Lab. Rpt. No: R1767.
Mott, L.; Groom, L.; Shaler, S. 2002. Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part II. Comparison of earlywood and latewood fibers with respect to tree height and juvenility. Wood Fiber Sci 34(2):221-237.
Plagemann, W.L. 1982. The response of hardwood flakes and flakeboard to high temperature drying. Master’s thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Price, E.W. 1976. Determining tensile properties of sweetgum veneer flakes. Forest Prod J 26(10):50-53.
Spencer, R. 1979. Rate of loading effect in bending for Douglas-fir lumber. Proc. First International Conference on Wood Fracture. Forintek Canada Corp., Vancouver, BC., pp. 259-279.
Sugiyama, H. 1967. On the effect of the loading time on the strength properties of wood. A review on Japanese research. Wood Science and Technology 1(4):289-303.
Weibull, W. 1951. A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J Appl Mech 18:293-297.
Zink-Sharp, A.G.; Price, C. 2006. Compression strength parallel to the grain within growth rings of low density hardwoods. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 8(2):117-126.
