Chemical characterization, hardness and termite resistance of Quercus cerris heartwood from Kosovo
Keywords:
Brinell hardness, chemical analysis, density, Reticulitermes grassei, wood extractivesAbstract
Quercus cerris, the Turkey oak, is an oak species native to southern central and southeastern Europe, extending into southwestern Asia. It is present in a large extent in the forests of the Republic of Kosovo, and at present used mainly for bio-energy. The potential use of Q. cerris wood for construction and higher value wood products has been investigated in the last years. However limited information is available on wood characteristics and performance, mainly regarding chemical composition and durability. The heartwood of Q. cerris taken from 70-90 year-old trees grown in two sites in Kosovo was studied regarding resistance to termite attack, chemical composition and hardness. The heartwood contained only 6.7% extractives, with a small content of tannins. The wood density was on average 0.81 at 12% moisture content and Brinell hardness 36.2 N mm-2. It was classified as not durable against subterranean termites and therefore not suitable for external use in ground contact in termite areas unless adequately protected. Nevertheless, Q. cerris wood showed adequate hardness and density for interior uses like flooring for domestic and commercial applications with moderate use.
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References
ASTLEY, R.J.; STOL, K.A.; HARRINGTON, J.J.1998. Modelling the elastic properties of wood. Part 2: The cellular microstructure. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff 56 (1): 43-50.
ABDALLA, S.; PIZZI, A.; AYED, N.; BOUTHOURY, F.C.; CHARRIER, B.; BAHABRI, F.; GANASH, A. 2014. MALDI-TOF analysis of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) bark tannin. BioResources 9: 3396-3406.
ARANGO, R.; GREEN III, F.; HINTZ, K.; LEBOW, P.K.; MILLER, R.B. 2006. Natural durability of tropical and native woods against termite damage by Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 57: 146-150.
BAJRAKTARI, A.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A.; YMERI, M.; CANDAN, Z.; KORKUT, S.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H. 2014. Forest resources and sawmill structure of Kosovo: State of the art and perspectives. Drvna Industrija 65 (4): 323-327.
BAJRAKTARI, A.; PIMENTA, R.; PINTO, T.; MIRANDA, I.; KNAPIC, S.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H. (article submitted). Stem quality of Quercus cerris trees from Kosovo for the sawmilling industry.
BOURIAUD, L.; NICHIFOREL, L.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H.; BAJRAKTARI, A. 2014. A property rights-based analysis of the illegal logging for fuelwood in Kosovo. Biomass & Bioenergy 67: 425-434.
CARMONA, C.P. 2009. Variação do teor de extrativos e lenhina Klason em madeiras de Castanheiro e Carvalho que serviram de base para o envelhecimento de aguardentes vínicas. Master’s Thesis, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal.
DANIELS, C.R.; RUSSELL, J.H. 2007. Analysis of western red ceder (Thuja plicata Donn) heartwood components by HPLC as a possible screening tool for trees with enhanced natural durability. Journal of Chromatography Science 45: 281-285.
DANIELEWICZ, W.; KICIŃSKI, P.; ANTOSZ, L. 2014. Turqey oak (Quercus cerris L.) in polish forests. Acta Scientiarium Polonorum Silv Colendar Rat Ind Lignar 13 (2): 5-22.
EN 117. 2012. Durability of wood and wood-based products – Determination of toxic values against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (laboratory method). European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 350. 2016. Durability of wood and wood-based products – Testing and classification of the durability to biological agents of wood and wood materials. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 1534. 2010. Wood flooring. Determination of resistance to indentation. Test method. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 14354. 2004. Wood-based panels. Wood veneer floor covering. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
ESENTHER, G.R. 1977. Nutritive supplement method to evaluate resistance of natural or preservative treated-wood to subterranean termites. Journal of Economic Entomology 70: 341-346.
EWART, D.; NUNES, L.; DE TROYA, T.; KUTNIK, M. 2016. Termites and a changing climate. In “Climat change impacts on urban pests,” P. Dhang (ed.), CAB International, UK, pp 80-94.
FRANÇA, T.S.F.A.; FRANÇA, F.J.N.; ARANGO, R.A.; WOODWARD, B.M.; ARANTES, M.D.C. 2016. Natural resistance of plantation grown African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis) from Brazil to wood-rot fungi and subterranean termites. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 107: 88-91.
GIERLINGER, N; JACQUES D.; SCHWANNINGER, M.; WIMMER, R.; HINTERSTOISSER, B.; PÂQUES, L.E. 2003. Rapid prediction of natural durability of larch heartwood using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1727-1736.
JIA, Z., TANG, M., WU, J. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 64 (4): 555-559.
KARASTERGIOU, S.; BARBOUTIS, J.; VASSILIOU, V. 2005. Effect of the PVA gluing on bending strength properties of finger jointed turkey oakwood (Quercus cerris L.). Holz als roh-und werkstoff 64 (4): 339-340.
LAVISCI, P; SCALBERT, A. 1991. Quality of Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris L.) Wood I. Soluble and Insoluble Proanthocyanidins. Holzforschung 45 (4): 291-296.
MIRANDA, I.; LIMA, L.; QUILHÓ, T.; KNAPIC, S.; PEREIRA, H. 2016. The bark of Eucalyptus sideroxylon as a source of phenolic extracts with anti-oxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products 82:81-87.
MONACO, A.L.; TODARO, L.; SARLATTO, M.; SPINA, R.; CALIENNO, L.; PICCHIO, R. 2011. Effect of moisture on physical parameters of timber from Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) coppice in Central Italy. Forestry Studies in China 13(4): 276-284.
NP 616. 1993. Madeiras. Determinação da massa volúmica. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Lisboa.
PÂQUES, L.E.; CHARPENTIER, J-P. 2015. Perspectives for genetic improvement in heartwood size and extractive content in relation to natural durability and aesthetics in interspecific hybrid larch (Larix x eurolepsis). European Journal of Forest Research 134: 857-868.
PERALTA, R.C.G.; MENEZES, B.; CARVALHO, A.G.; AGUIAR-MENEZES, E. 2004. Wood consumption rates of forest species by subterranean termites (Isoptera) under field conditions. Revista Árvore 28 (2): 283-289.
RUIZ-AQUINO, F.; GONZÁLEZ-PEÑA, M.M.; VALDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.I.; REVILLA, U.S.; ROMERO-MANZANARES, A. 2015. Chemical characterization and fuel properties of wood and bark of two oaks from Oaxaca, Mexico. Industrial Crops and Products 65: 90–95.
SALAZAR, J.A.; PÉREZ, J.H. 1998. Determinatión de componentes químicos de la madera de cinco espécies de encino del estado de Puebla. Madera y Bosques 4 (2): 79-93.
SEN, A.; LEITE, C.; LIMA, L.; LOPES, P.; PEREIRA, H. 2016. Industrial valorization of Quercus cerris bark: Pilot scale fractionation. Industrial Crops and Products 92: 42-29.
SEN, A.; QUILHO, T.; PEREIRA, H. 2011. Bark anatomy of Quercus cerris L. var. cerris from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 45–55.
SINGLETON, V.L.; ROSSI, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 16: 144–158.
SOUSA, V.; CARDOSO, S.; PEREIRA, H. 2009. Caracterização da composição química da madeira de Quercus faginea. 6º Congresso Florestal Nacional – A floresta num mundo globalizado, Outubro de 2009, Ponta Delgada, SPCF, Lisboa.
STANDFEST, G.; WIMMER, T.; BAJRAKTARI, A.; SCHNABEL, T.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A. 2012a. Ausgewählte mechanische Eigenschaften der Zerreiche (Quercus cerris L.). Holztechnologie 53 (1): 5-10.
STANDFEST, G.; SCHNABEL, T.; BAJRAKTARI, A.; WIMMER, T.; EBNER, M.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A. 2012b. Ausgewählte physikalische Eigenschaften der Zerreiche (Quercus cerris L.). Holztechnologie 53 (3): 5-9.
STIRLING, R.; MORRIS, P.I.; GRACE, J.K. 2015. Prediction of the decay and termite resistance of western red cedar heartwood. Forest Products Journal 65 (3/4): 84/92.
TAPPI. 2004. Tappi Standard Test Methods 2004-2005. TappiPress. Atlanta, GA.
TAYLOR, A.M.; GARTNER, B.L.; MORREL, J.J.; TSUNODA, K. 2006. Effects of heartwood extractive fractions of Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis on wood degradation by termites or fungi. Journal of Wood Science 52: 147-153.
TODARO, L.; ZANUTTINI, R.; SCOPA, A.; MORETTI, N. 2012. Influence of combined hydrothermal treatments on selected properties of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) wood. Wood Science and Technology 46 (1-3): 563-578.
TODARO, L.; DICHICCO, P.; MORETTI, N.; D’AURIA, M. 2013. Effect of combined steam and heat treatments on extractives and lignin in sapwood and heartwood of turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) wood. BioResources 8 (2): 1718-1730.
WILLIS, R.B.; ALLEN, P.R. 1998. Improved method for measuring hydrolyzable tannins using potassium iodate. The Analyst 123: 435-439.
ABDALLA, S.; PIZZI, A.; AYED, N.; BOUTHOURY, F.C.; CHARRIER, B.; BAHABRI, F.; GANASH, A. 2014. MALDI-TOF analysis of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) bark tannin. BioResources 9: 3396-3406.
ARANGO, R.; GREEN III, F.; HINTZ, K.; LEBOW, P.K.; MILLER, R.B. 2006. Natural durability of tropical and native woods against termite damage by Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 57: 146-150.
BAJRAKTARI, A.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A.; YMERI, M.; CANDAN, Z.; KORKUT, S.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H. 2014. Forest resources and sawmill structure of Kosovo: State of the art and perspectives. Drvna Industrija 65 (4): 323-327.
BAJRAKTARI, A.; PIMENTA, R.; PINTO, T.; MIRANDA, I.; KNAPIC, S.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H. (article submitted). Stem quality of Quercus cerris trees from Kosovo for the sawmilling industry.
BOURIAUD, L.; NICHIFOREL, L.; NUNES, L.; PEREIRA, H.; BAJRAKTARI, A. 2014. A property rights-based analysis of the illegal logging for fuelwood in Kosovo. Biomass & Bioenergy 67: 425-434.
CARMONA, C.P. 2009. Variação do teor de extrativos e lenhina Klason em madeiras de Castanheiro e Carvalho que serviram de base para o envelhecimento de aguardentes vínicas. Master’s Thesis, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal.
DANIELS, C.R.; RUSSELL, J.H. 2007. Analysis of western red ceder (Thuja plicata Donn) heartwood components by HPLC as a possible screening tool for trees with enhanced natural durability. Journal of Chromatography Science 45: 281-285.
DANIELEWICZ, W.; KICIŃSKI, P.; ANTOSZ, L. 2014. Turqey oak (Quercus cerris L.) in polish forests. Acta Scientiarium Polonorum Silv Colendar Rat Ind Lignar 13 (2): 5-22.
EN 117. 2012. Durability of wood and wood-based products – Determination of toxic values against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (laboratory method). European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 350. 2016. Durability of wood and wood-based products – Testing and classification of the durability to biological agents of wood and wood materials. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 1534. 2010. Wood flooring. Determination of resistance to indentation. Test method. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
EN 14354. 2004. Wood-based panels. Wood veneer floor covering. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
ESENTHER, G.R. 1977. Nutritive supplement method to evaluate resistance of natural or preservative treated-wood to subterranean termites. Journal of Economic Entomology 70: 341-346.
EWART, D.; NUNES, L.; DE TROYA, T.; KUTNIK, M. 2016. Termites and a changing climate. In “Climat change impacts on urban pests,” P. Dhang (ed.), CAB International, UK, pp 80-94.
FRANÇA, T.S.F.A.; FRANÇA, F.J.N.; ARANGO, R.A.; WOODWARD, B.M.; ARANTES, M.D.C. 2016. Natural resistance of plantation grown African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis) from Brazil to wood-rot fungi and subterranean termites. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 107: 88-91.
GIERLINGER, N; JACQUES D.; SCHWANNINGER, M.; WIMMER, R.; HINTERSTOISSER, B.; PÂQUES, L.E. 2003. Rapid prediction of natural durability of larch heartwood using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1727-1736.
JIA, Z., TANG, M., WU, J. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 64 (4): 555-559.
KARASTERGIOU, S.; BARBOUTIS, J.; VASSILIOU, V. 2005. Effect of the PVA gluing on bending strength properties of finger jointed turkey oakwood (Quercus cerris L.). Holz als roh-und werkstoff 64 (4): 339-340.
LAVISCI, P; SCALBERT, A. 1991. Quality of Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris L.) Wood I. Soluble and Insoluble Proanthocyanidins. Holzforschung 45 (4): 291-296.
MIRANDA, I.; LIMA, L.; QUILHÓ, T.; KNAPIC, S.; PEREIRA, H. 2016. The bark of Eucalyptus sideroxylon as a source of phenolic extracts with anti-oxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products 82:81-87.
MONACO, A.L.; TODARO, L.; SARLATTO, M.; SPINA, R.; CALIENNO, L.; PICCHIO, R. 2011. Effect of moisture on physical parameters of timber from Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) coppice in Central Italy. Forestry Studies in China 13(4): 276-284.
NP 616. 1993. Madeiras. Determinação da massa volúmica. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Lisboa.
PÂQUES, L.E.; CHARPENTIER, J-P. 2015. Perspectives for genetic improvement in heartwood size and extractive content in relation to natural durability and aesthetics in interspecific hybrid larch (Larix x eurolepsis). European Journal of Forest Research 134: 857-868.
PERALTA, R.C.G.; MENEZES, B.; CARVALHO, A.G.; AGUIAR-MENEZES, E. 2004. Wood consumption rates of forest species by subterranean termites (Isoptera) under field conditions. Revista Árvore 28 (2): 283-289.
RUIZ-AQUINO, F.; GONZÁLEZ-PEÑA, M.M.; VALDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.I.; REVILLA, U.S.; ROMERO-MANZANARES, A. 2015. Chemical characterization and fuel properties of wood and bark of two oaks from Oaxaca, Mexico. Industrial Crops and Products 65: 90–95.
SALAZAR, J.A.; PÉREZ, J.H. 1998. Determinatión de componentes químicos de la madera de cinco espécies de encino del estado de Puebla. Madera y Bosques 4 (2): 79-93.
SEN, A.; LEITE, C.; LIMA, L.; LOPES, P.; PEREIRA, H. 2016. Industrial valorization of Quercus cerris bark: Pilot scale fractionation. Industrial Crops and Products 92: 42-29.
SEN, A.; QUILHO, T.; PEREIRA, H. 2011. Bark anatomy of Quercus cerris L. var. cerris from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 45–55.
SINGLETON, V.L.; ROSSI, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 16: 144–158.
SOUSA, V.; CARDOSO, S.; PEREIRA, H. 2009. Caracterização da composição química da madeira de Quercus faginea. 6º Congresso Florestal Nacional – A floresta num mundo globalizado, Outubro de 2009, Ponta Delgada, SPCF, Lisboa.
STANDFEST, G.; WIMMER, T.; BAJRAKTARI, A.; SCHNABEL, T.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A. 2012a. Ausgewählte mechanische Eigenschaften der Zerreiche (Quercus cerris L.). Holztechnologie 53 (1): 5-10.
STANDFEST, G.; SCHNABEL, T.; BAJRAKTARI, A.; WIMMER, T.; EBNER, M.; PETUTSCHNIGG, A. 2012b. Ausgewählte physikalische Eigenschaften der Zerreiche (Quercus cerris L.). Holztechnologie 53 (3): 5-9.
STIRLING, R.; MORRIS, P.I.; GRACE, J.K. 2015. Prediction of the decay and termite resistance of western red cedar heartwood. Forest Products Journal 65 (3/4): 84/92.
TAPPI. 2004. Tappi Standard Test Methods 2004-2005. TappiPress. Atlanta, GA.
TAYLOR, A.M.; GARTNER, B.L.; MORREL, J.J.; TSUNODA, K. 2006. Effects of heartwood extractive fractions of Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis on wood degradation by termites or fungi. Journal of Wood Science 52: 147-153.
TODARO, L.; ZANUTTINI, R.; SCOPA, A.; MORETTI, N. 2012. Influence of combined hydrothermal treatments on selected properties of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) wood. Wood Science and Technology 46 (1-3): 563-578.
TODARO, L.; DICHICCO, P.; MORETTI, N.; D’AURIA, M. 2013. Effect of combined steam and heat treatments on extractives and lignin in sapwood and heartwood of turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) wood. BioResources 8 (2): 1718-1730.
WILLIS, R.B.; ALLEN, P.R. 1998. Improved method for measuring hydrolyzable tannins using potassium iodate. The Analyst 123: 435-439.
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Published
2018-07-01
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Bajraktari, A., Nunes, L., Knapic, S., Pimenta, R., Pinto, T., Duarte, S., Miranda, I., & Pereira, H. (2018). Chemical characterization, hardness and termite resistance of Quercus cerris heartwood from Kosovo. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 20(3), 305–314. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3119
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