Durability of eucalypts wood in soil bed and field decay tests
Keywords:
Biodeterioration, edaphoclimatic characteristics, natural resistance, pith-bark directionAbstract
This evaluated the natural resistance of wood from seven Eucalyptus trees in field decay and soil bed tests. Two 12-year-old trees were randomly sampled per species, with 2,2 m logs being obtained from the basal section of each tree. The samples were taken in two positions in the radial direction of the stem (middle heartwood and transition zone; containing heartwood and sapwood). The field decay tests were installed in three municipalities in the southern state of Espírito Santo, and the soil utilized soil from the three field decay test areas. The field decay tests were evaluated after six, 12 and 18 months after installation and the soil bed tests after six months. The Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0,05) was used in the analysis and evaluation of the tests. The sapwood-heartwood (transition region) exhibited the greatest mass losses for the field decay and soil bed tests. On average, for the soil bed test the lowest mass losses were observed for the soil of Vargem Alta (5,00 %), with greater mass losses observed for São José do Calçado (7,05 %) and Jerônimo Monteiro (9,90 %). In the field decay test the organisms present in the soil of São José do Calçado and related to the organic matter content Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna more intensely.
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References
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Becker, G. 1972. Suggested standard method for field tests with wooden stakes. PANS - Pest Articles & News Summaries 18(1): Suppl. 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877209413483.
Bouslimi, B.; Koubaa, A.; Bergeron, Y. 2014. Effects of biodegradation by brown-rot decay on selected wood properties in eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Int Biodeter Biodegr 87: 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.11.006.
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Brischke, C.; Meyer-Veltrup, L. 2015. Moisture content and decay of differently sized wooden components during 5 years of outdoor exposure. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 73(6): 719-728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0960-7.
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Meyer, L.; Brischke, C.; Melcher, E.; Brandt, K.; Lenz, M.T.; Soetbeer, A. 2014. Durability of english oak (Quercus robur L.) e comparison of decay progress and resistance under various laboratory and field conditions. Int Biodeter Biodegr 86(Part B): 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.06.025.
Morais, F.M.; Costa, A. F. 2007. Alteração da cor aparente de madeiras submetidas ao ataque de fungos apodrecedores. Rev Bras Cienc Agrar 2(1): 44-50. http://www.agraria.pro.br/ojs-2.4.6/index.php?journal=agraria&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=29&path%5B%5D=55.
Nicholas, D.D.; Crawford, D. 2003. Concepts in the development of new accelerated test methods for wood decay. In: Wood deterioration and preservation: advances in our changing world, Chapter 16. Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D. D. Schultz, T. P. (Eds.). American Chemical Society Washington, DC, USA. 463p.
Paes, J.B.; Vital, B.R.; Della Lucia, R.M.; Della Lucia, T.M.C. 2002. Effects of the purification and enrichment of wood tar creosote on preservation of Eucalyptus grandis wood, after 48 months of field testing. Rev Arvore 26(4): 475-484. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622002000400010.
Paes, J.B.; Melo, R.R.; Lima, C.R.; Oliveira, E. 2007. Resistência natural de sete madeiras ao cupim subterrâneo (Nasutitermes corniger Motsch.) em ensaio de preferência alimentar. Rev Bras Cienc Agrar 2(1): 57-62. http://www.agraria.pro.br/ojs-2.4.6/index.php?journal=agraria&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1885.
Paes, J.B.; Morais, V.M.; Lima, C.R.; Santos, G.J.C. 2009. Natural resistance of nine woods from the Brazilian semiarid region to wood-destroying fungi in field simulators. Rev Arvore 33(3): 511-520. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622009000300013.
Paes, J.B.; Souza, A.D.; Lima, C.R.; Souza, P.F. 2012. Efficiency of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) oils for the improvement of Ceiba pentranda (L.) Gaerth. wood resistance to xilophagous fungi in soil bed test. Cienc Florest 22(3): 617-624. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050986627.
Paes, J.B.; Brocco, V.F.; Moulin, J.C.; Motta, J.P.; Alves, R.C. 2015. Effects of extractives and density on natural resistance of woods to termite Nasutitermes corniger. Cerne 21(4): 569-578. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521041849.
Shmulsky, R.; Jones, P.D. 2011. Forest products and wood science: an introduction. 6nd .Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford, UK. 483p.
Silva, J.C.; Caballeira Lopez, A.G.; Oliveira, J.T.S. 2004. Influência da idade na resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex. Maiden ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis). Rev Arvore 28(4): 583-587. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622004000400012.
Silva, J.C., Castro, V.R., 2014. Propriedades e usos da madeira de eucalipto. Editora Arbotec. Viçosa, Brazil. 67p.
Steel, R.G.D.; Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistic: a Biometrical Approach. 2 ed. McGraw Hill. New York, USA. 633p.
Sundararaj, R.; Shanbhag, R.R.; Nagaven, H.C.; Vijayalakshmi, G. 2015. Natural durability of timbers under Indian environmental conditions-an overview. Int Biodeter Biodegr 103: 196-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.026.
Susi, P.; Aktuganov, G.; Himanen, J.; Korpela, T. 2011. Biological control of wood decay against fungal infection. J Environ Manage 92(7): 1681-1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.004.
Tomazeli, A.J.; Silveira, A.G.; Trevisan, R.; Wastowski, A.D.; Cardoso, G.V. 2016. Durabilidade natural de quatro espécies florestais em campo de apodrecimento. Tecno-lógica 20(1): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.17058/tecnolog.v20i1.6473.
Vinden, P.; Savory, J.G.; Dickinson, D.J.; Levy, J.F. 1982. Soil-bed studies (Doc. 480 IRG/WP/2181). The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. 15p.
American Wood Protection Association. AWPA. 2014. E14-14: Standard method of evaluating wood preservatives in a soil bed. AWPA Birmingham, AL, USA. 668p.
Araújo, J.B.S.; Paes, J.B. 2018. Natural wood resistance of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia in field testing. Floram 25(2): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.012815.
Becker, G. 1972. Suggested standard method for field tests with wooden stakes. PANS - Pest Articles & News Summaries 18(1): Suppl. 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877209413483.
Bouslimi, B.; Koubaa, A.; Bergeron, Y. 2014. Effects of biodegradation by brown-rot decay on selected wood properties in eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Int Biodeter Biodegr 87: 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.11.006.
Brischke, C.; Meyer, L.; Alfredsen, G.; Humar, M.; Francis, L.; Flæte, P.O.; Larsson-Brelid, P. 2013a. Natural durability of timber exposed above ground - a survey. Drvna Ind 64(2): 113-129. https://doi.org/10.5552/drind.2013.1221.
Brischke, C.; Olberding, S.; Meyer, L.; Bornemann, T.; Welzbacher, C.R. 2013b. Intrasite variability of fungal decay on wood exposed in ground contact. Int Wood Prod J 4(1): 37- 45. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645312Y.0000000014.
Brischke, C.; Meyer, L.; Olberding, S. 2014. Durability of wood exposed in ground e comparative field trials with different soil substrates. Int Biodeter Biodegr 86(Part B): 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.06.022.
Brischke, C.; Meyer-Veltrup, L. 2016. Modelling timber decay caused by brown rot fungi. Mater Struct 49(8): 3281-3291. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0719-y.
Brischke, C.; Meyer-Veltrup, L. 2015. Moisture content and decay of differently sized wooden components during 5 years of outdoor exposure. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 73(6): 719-728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0960-7.
Carvalho, D.E.; Martins, A.P.M.; Santini, E.J.; Freitas, L.S.; Talgatti, M.; Susin, F. 2016. Natural durability of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, Eucalyptus robusta Sm. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. wood in field and forest environment. Rev Arvore 40(2): 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200019.
Corassa, J.N.; Castelo, P.A.R.; Stangerlin, D.M.; Magistrali, I.C. 2013. Durabilidade natural da madeira de quatro espécies florestais em ensaios de deterioração em campo. Rev Cienc Madeira 4(1): 108-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/cmad.v4i1.4050.
Indústria Brasileira de Árvores. IBÁ. 2019. Ano Base: 2018. São Paulo, Brazil. 80p. https://www.iba.org/publicacoes/relatorios.
Li, Q.; Lin, J.G.; Liu, J. 2013. Decay resistance of wood treated with extracts of Cinnamomum camphora xylem. BioResources 8(3): 4208-4217. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.3.4208-4217.
Melo, R.R.; Stangerlin, D.M.; Santini, E.J.; Haselein, C.R.; Gatto, D.A.; Susin, F. 2010. Durabilidade natural da madeira de três espécies florestais em ensaios de campo. Cienc Florest 20(2): 357-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050981858.
Meyer, L.; Brischke, C.; Melcher, E.; Brandt, K.; Lenz, M.T.; Soetbeer, A. 2014. Durability of english oak (Quercus robur L.) e comparison of decay progress and resistance under various laboratory and field conditions. Int Biodeter Biodegr 86(Part B): 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.06.025.
Morais, F.M.; Costa, A. F. 2007. Alteração da cor aparente de madeiras submetidas ao ataque de fungos apodrecedores. Rev Bras Cienc Agrar 2(1): 44-50. http://www.agraria.pro.br/ojs-2.4.6/index.php?journal=agraria&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=29&path%5B%5D=55.
Nicholas, D.D.; Crawford, D. 2003. Concepts in the development of new accelerated test methods for wood decay. In: Wood deterioration and preservation: advances in our changing world, Chapter 16. Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D. D. Schultz, T. P. (Eds.). American Chemical Society Washington, DC, USA. 463p.
Paes, J.B.; Vital, B.R.; Della Lucia, R.M.; Della Lucia, T.M.C. 2002. Effects of the purification and enrichment of wood tar creosote on preservation of Eucalyptus grandis wood, after 48 months of field testing. Rev Arvore 26(4): 475-484. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622002000400010.
Paes, J.B.; Melo, R.R.; Lima, C.R.; Oliveira, E. 2007. Resistência natural de sete madeiras ao cupim subterrâneo (Nasutitermes corniger Motsch.) em ensaio de preferência alimentar. Rev Bras Cienc Agrar 2(1): 57-62. http://www.agraria.pro.br/ojs-2.4.6/index.php?journal=agraria&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1885.
Paes, J.B.; Morais, V.M.; Lima, C.R.; Santos, G.J.C. 2009. Natural resistance of nine woods from the Brazilian semiarid region to wood-destroying fungi in field simulators. Rev Arvore 33(3): 511-520. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622009000300013.
Paes, J.B.; Souza, A.D.; Lima, C.R.; Souza, P.F. 2012. Efficiency of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) oils for the improvement of Ceiba pentranda (L.) Gaerth. wood resistance to xilophagous fungi in soil bed test. Cienc Florest 22(3): 617-624. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050986627.
Paes, J.B.; Brocco, V.F.; Moulin, J.C.; Motta, J.P.; Alves, R.C. 2015. Effects of extractives and density on natural resistance of woods to termite Nasutitermes corniger. Cerne 21(4): 569-578. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521041849.
Shmulsky, R.; Jones, P.D. 2011. Forest products and wood science: an introduction. 6nd .Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford, UK. 483p.
Silva, J.C.; Caballeira Lopez, A.G.; Oliveira, J.T.S. 2004. Influência da idade na resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex. Maiden ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis). Rev Arvore 28(4): 583-587. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622004000400012.
Silva, J.C., Castro, V.R., 2014. Propriedades e usos da madeira de eucalipto. Editora Arbotec. Viçosa, Brazil. 67p.
Steel, R.G.D.; Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistic: a Biometrical Approach. 2 ed. McGraw Hill. New York, USA. 633p.
Sundararaj, R.; Shanbhag, R.R.; Nagaven, H.C.; Vijayalakshmi, G. 2015. Natural durability of timbers under Indian environmental conditions-an overview. Int Biodeter Biodegr 103: 196-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.026.
Susi, P.; Aktuganov, G.; Himanen, J.; Korpela, T. 2011. Biological control of wood decay against fungal infection. J Environ Manage 92(7): 1681-1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.004.
Tomazeli, A.J.; Silveira, A.G.; Trevisan, R.; Wastowski, A.D.; Cardoso, G.V. 2016. Durabilidade natural de quatro espécies florestais em campo de apodrecimento. Tecno-lógica 20(1): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.17058/tecnolog.v20i1.6473.
Vinden, P.; Savory, J.G.; Dickinson, D.J.; Levy, J.F. 1982. Soil-bed studies (Doc. 480 IRG/WP/2181). The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. 15p.
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2020-10-01
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Neto, P. N. de M., Benigno Paes, J., Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira, J., Gabriel Missia da Silva, J., Clailson Franco Coelho, J., & da Silva Ribeiro, L. (2020). Durability of eucalypts wood in soil bed and field decay tests. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 22(4), 447–456. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/4138
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