Synergistic influence of flame retardant additives and citric acid on the functional properties of rice husk/wood blended particleboards

Authors

  • Hui Ling Lau
  • Junidah Lamaming
  • Owolabi Abdulwahab Taiwo
  • Mohana Baskaran
  • Rokiah
  • Othman Sulaiman
  • Paramasivam Murugan

Keywords:

Flame retardants, particleboards, physical property, mechanical properties, thermal properties, waste natural fiber

Abstract

The selected functional properties of rice husk/wood blended particleboards which include thermal analysis, limiting oxygen index, morphological analysis, and mechanical properties have been investigated. Rice husk/wood particleboards were produced with one step hot press casting technique using citric acid to improve the compatibility in the particleboards with calcium oxide and aluminum oxide as flame retardants. The results showed improvement in the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and thermal stability with the addition of flame retardants to the particleboards. The aluminum oxide synergy with citric acid in rice husk/wood particleboards gave the best flame retardancy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdul Khalil, H.P.S.; Chong, E.W.N.; Owolabi, F.A.T.; Asniza, M.; Tye, Y.Y.; Tajarudin, H.A.; Paridah, M.T.; Rizal, S. 2018. Microbial-induced CaCO3 filled seaweed-based film for green plasticulture application. J Clean Prod 199: 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.111

ASTM International Standard. ASTM. 2008. ASTM D 2863: Standard test method for measuring the minimum oxygen concentration to support candle-like combustion of plastics (oxygen index), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2863-08

Bakovic, S.; Potgieter, J.H.; deWaal, D.; Popovic, L. 2006. Replacing limestone and linseed oil in the synthesis of putty. J Appl Sci 6(5): 1009-1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.1009.1016

Battegazzore, D.; Alongi, J.; Duraccio, D.; Frache, A. 2018. All natural high-density fiber-and particleboards from hemp fibers or rice husk particles. J Polym Environ 26(4): 1652-1660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1071-9

Baskaran, M.; Hashim, R.; Said, N.; Raffi, S.M.; Balakrishnan, K.; Sudesh, K.; Sulaiman, O.; Arai, T.; Kosugi, A.; Mori, Y.; Sugimoto, T. 2012. Properties of binderless particleboard from oil palm trunk with addition of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Compos Part B-Eng 43(3): 1109-1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.10.008

César, A.A. da. S.; Bufalino, L., Mendes, L. M.; Mesquita, R.G. de A.; Protásio, T.D.P.; Mendes, R.F.; Andrade, L.M.F. 2017. Transforming rice husk into a high-added value product: Potential for particleboard production. Ciênc Florest 27(1): 303-313. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509826468

de Lima Mesquita, A.; Barrero, N.G.; Fiorelli, J.; Christoforo, A.L.; de Faria, L.J.G.; Lahr, F.A.R. 2018. Eco-particleboard manufactured from chemically treated fibrous vascular tissue of acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit: A new alternative for the particleboard industry with its potential application in civil construction and furniture. Ind Crop Prod 112: 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.074

de Melo, R.R.; Stangerlin, D.M.; Santana, R.R.C.; Pedrosa, T.D. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured from wood, bamboo and rice husk. Mat Res 17(3): 682-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392014005000052

Elbasuney, S. 2017. Novel multi-component flame retardant system based on nanoscopic aluminum-trihydroxide (ATH). Powder Technol 305: 538-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.10.038

Galvan-Ruiz, M.; Baños, L.; Rodriguez-Garcia, M.E. 2007. Lime characterization as a food additive. Sens Instrum Food Qual Saf 1(4):169-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-007-9019-8

Giridhar, B.N.; Pande, K.K.; Prasad, B.E.; Bisht, S. S.; Vagdevi, H.M. 2017. Dimensional stabilization of wood by chemical modification using isopropenyl acetate. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 19(1): 15-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000002

Hull, T. R.; Witkowski, A.; Hollingbery, L. 2011. Fire retardant action of mineral fillers. Polym Degrad Stabil 96(8): 1462-1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.006

Hashim, R.; Said, N.; Lamaming, J.; Baskaran, M.; Sulaiman, O.; Sato, M.; Hiziroglu, S.; Sugimoto, T. 2011. Influence of press temperature on the properties of binderless particleboard made from oil palm trunk. Mater Des 32(5): 2520-2525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.053

Jamil, M.; Kaish, A.B.M.A.; Raman, S.N.; Zain, M.F.M. 2013. Pozzolanic contribution of rice husk ash in cementitious system. Constr Build Mater 47: 588-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.088

Jia, P.; Zhang, M.; Hu, L.; Bo, C.; Zhou. Y. 2015. Synthesis, applications, and flame-retardant mechanism of a novel phosphorus-containing plasticizer based on castor oil for polyvinyl chloride. J Therm Anal Calorim 120(3): 1731-1740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4540-1

Japanese Industrial Standard. JIS. 2003. JIS A 5908: Particleboards. Japanese Standard Association. Tokyo, Japan. https://archive.org/details/jis.a.5908.e.2003

Kusumah, S.S.; Umemura, K.; Yoshioka, K.; Miyafuji, H.; Kanayama, K. 2016. Utilization of sweet sorghum bagasse and citric acid for manufacturing of particleboard I: Effects of pre-drying treatment and citric acid content on the board properties. Ind Crop Prod 84: 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.01.042

Lamaming, J.; Sulaiman, O.; Sugimoto, T.; Hashim, R.; Said, N.; Sato, M. 2013. Influence of chemical components of oil palm on properties of binderless particleboard. BioResources 8(3): 3358-3371. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_08_3_3358_Lamaming_Chemical_Components_Oil_Palm

Loh, Y.W.; H'ng, P.S.; Lee, S.H.; Lum, W.C.; Tan, C.K. 2010. Properties of particleboard produced from admixture of rubberwood and Mahang species. Asian J Appl Sci 3(5): 310-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2010.310.316

Nagieb, Z.A.; Nassar, M.A.; El-Meligy, M.G. 2011. Effect of addition of boric acid and borax on fire-retardant and mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde saw dust composites. Int J Carbohydr Chem 2011 (Article ID 146763): 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/146763

Orellana, F.; Lisperguer, J.; Nuñez, C. 2014. Synthesis and characterization of polypropylene-silica, alumina and titania nanoparticles, prepared by melting. J Chil Chem Soc 59(1): 2389-2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072014000100030

Paletto, M. 2017. Assessment of the thermal behavior of lignins from softwood and hardwood species. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 19(1): 63-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000006

Saari, N.; Lamaming, J.; Hashim, R.; Sulaiman, O.; Sato, M.; Arai, T.; Kosugi, A.; Nadhari, W. N. A.W. 2020. Optimization of binderless compressed veneer panel manufacturing process from oil palm trunk using response surface methodology. J Clean Prod 265: 121757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121757

Seo, H.J.; Kim, S.; Huh, W.; Park, K.W.; Lee, D.R.; Son, D.W.; Kim, Y.S. 2016. Enhancing the flame-retardant performance of wood-based materials using carbon-based materials. J Therm Anal Calorim 123(3): 1935-1942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4553-9

Sulaiman, N.S.: Hashim, R.: Hiziroglu, S.: Amini, M.H.M.: Sulaiman, O.: Selamat, M.E. 2016. Rubberwood particleboard manufactured using epichlorohydrin-modified rice starch as a binder. Cell Chem Technol 50(2): 329-338. http://www.cellulosechemtechnol.ro/pdf/CCT2(2016)/p.329-338.pdf

Sulaiman, N.S.; Hashim, R.; Sulaiman, O.; Nasir, M.; Amini, M.H.M.; Hiziroglu, S. 2018. Partial replacement of urea-formaldehyde with modified oil palm starch based adhesive to fabricate particleboard. Int J Adhes Adhes 84: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.002

Suraya, N.L.M.; Owolabi, F.A.T.; Abdul Khalil, H.P.S.; Saurabh, C.K.; Paridah, M.T.; Asniza, M.; Samsul, R. 2018. Synergistic effect of oil palm based pozzolanic materials/oil palm waste on polyester hybrid composite. J Polym Environ 26: 4063-4072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1278-4

Temitope, A.K.; Onaopemipo, A.T.; Olawale, A.A.; Abayomi, O.O. 2015. Recycling of rice husk into a locally-made water-resistant particle board. Ind Eng Manage 4(3): 10001641. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0316.1000164

Umemura, K.; Ueda, T.; Munawar, S.S.; Kawai, S. 2012. Application of citric acid as natural adhesive for wood. J Appl Polym Sci 123(4):1991-1996. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34708

Umemura, K.; Sugihara, O.; Kawai, S. 2013. Investigation of a new natural adhesive composed of citric acid and sucrose for particleboard. J Wood Sci 59: 203-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-013-1326-6

Vukusic, S.B.; Katovic, K.; Schramm, C.; Trajkovic, J.; Sefc, B. 2006. Polycarboxylic acids as non-formaldehyde anti-swelling agents for wood. Holzforschung 60(4): 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2006.069

Widyorini, R.; Yudha, A.P.; Isnan, R.; Awaluddin, A.; Prayitno, T.A, Ngadianto, A.; Umemura, K. 2014. Improving the physico-mechanical properties of eco-friendly composite made from bamboo. Adv Mater Res 896: 562-565. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.896.562

Xu, J.; Sugawara, R.; Widyorini, R.; Han, G.; Kawai, S. 2004. Manufacture and properties of low-density binderless particleboard from kenaf core. J Wood Sci 50(1): 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-003-0522-1

Zhao, W.J.; Hu, Q.X.; Zhang, N.N.; Wei, Y.C.; Zhao, Q.; Zhang, Y.M.; Dong, J.B.; Sun, Z.Y.; Liu, B.J.; Li, L.; Hu, W. 2017. In situ inorganic flame retardant modified hemp and its polypropylene composites. RSC Adv 7(51): 32236-32245. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04078D

Downloads

Published

2021-01-01

How to Cite

Ling Lau, H. ., Lamaming, J. ., Abdulwahab Taiwo, O. ., Baskaran, M. ., Hashim, R. ., Sulaiman, O. ., & Murugan, P. . (2021). Synergistic influence of flame retardant additives and citric acid on the functional properties of rice husk/wood blended particleboards. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 23, 1–10. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/4716

Issue

Section

Article