Influences of different drying climates on Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood properties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100452Keywords:
Basic density, chemical properties, morphological properties, mechanical properties, shrinkageAbstract
One of the most important disadvantages of the wood material, whose usage is becoming more and more widespread, is the dimensional instability that occur in its interaction with water. Therefore, studies to improve these drawbacks of wood, remains always up to date. For mentioned purpose in this study, some chemical, morphological, physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis woods, which were naturally dried in outdoor and indoor climate in Eastern Mediterranean (Kahramanmaraş province) atmosphere conditions of Turkey, were investigated. According to the results of the study, chemical properties of eucalyptus woods dried indoor were measured as merely 0,23 % higher than dried ones in outdoor. The results of morphological measurements indicated that the fiber dimensions of eucalypts wood dried in indoor were averagely 1,48 % lower than the ones dried out in outdoor. Also, as a result of statistical analysis, it was found that there were significant differences (ρ < 0,000) between the physical properties of eucalyptus wood samples in indoor and outdoor according to t-test. At the same time, as a result of t-test applied to determine effect of drying conditions on mechanical properties of eucalyptus wood, modulus of elasticity, compression, tensile, dynamic bending and shear strength did not cause any significant difference between indoor and outdoor, while bending and Janka hardness strengths showed significant differences at ρ < 0,000 level. Finally, when the data obtained as a whole is considered, it can be said that testing of eucalyptus wood which requires a very sensitive drying in different climates has important contributions on the subject. Regarding eucalypts, which has a high distribution area (20 million hectares) in the world, it is recommended to relevant institutions and organizations to expand and maintain such study in the future. Lastly, according to obtained data from this study, it can be said that the experiments of eucalyptus woods which requires a very delicate drying in different environments provide important contributions on the subject.
Downloads
References
American Society for Testing and Materials. 2013. ASTM D1107-96: Standard test method for ethanol-toluene solubility of wood. ASTM, Pennsylvania, USA. https://www.astm.org/Standard/standards-and-publications.html
As, N.; Koc, K.H.; Dogu, D.; Atik, C.; Aksu, B.; Erdinler, S. 2001. Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların anatomik, fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 51(1): 71–88. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/176141
Aslan, S.; Demetci, E.; Sozen, R.; Ilter, E.; Balkiz, O.D. 2008. Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) odununun bazı fiziksel, kimyasal, mekanik ve anatomik özellikleri (in Turkish). In: Proceeding of the 1st Ulusal Okaliptüs Sempozyumu, Tarsus, Turkey. pp. 151–161. https://doa.ogm.gov.tr/Yayinlar/Muhtelif%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/DOA-%20Okaliptus%20Sempozyumu%20Bildiriler%20Kitab%C4%B1.pdf
Ay, N.; Topaloglu, E.; Tan, H. 2008. Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) odununun bazı fiziksel, mekanik özellikleri ve kullanım alanları (in Turkish). In Proceeding of the 1st Ulusal Okaliptüs Sempozyumu, Tarsus, Turkey. pp. 78-83. https://doa.ogm.gov.tr/Yayinlar/Muhtelif%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/DOA-%20Okaliptus%20Sempozyumu%20Bildiriler%20Kitab%C4%B1.pdf
Ayata, U. 2008. Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ve Eucalyptus grandis)'ün odun özellikleri ve kağıt endüstrisinde kullanımının araştırılması (in Turkish). Master Thesis, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=biL2P3cCsPgUNjVdV2BsGKm0Sp-Sd7lOMSYMktjCr3Z2PjWVVxs_TWNvyhBtfvmD
Aytin, A.; Korkut, S.; As, N.; Unsal, O.; Gunduz, G. 2015. Effect of heat treatment of wild cherry wood on abrasion resistance and withdrawal capacity of screws. Drvna 66(4): 297–303. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/221880
Baranski, J.; Wierzbowski, M.; Konopka, A. 2014. The change of mechanical properties of selected wood species after drying process under various conditions SGGW 86: 13–17. https://mostwiedzy.pl/en/publication/the-change-of-mechanical-properties-of-selected-wood-species-after-drying-process-under-various-cond,130751-1
Bektas, I.; Alma, M.H.; Bal, B.C.; Ayata, U. 2008. Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ) odununun dinamik eğilme direncinin belirlenmesi ve bazı ağaç türleri ile karşılaştırılması (in Turkish). In Proceeding of the 1st Ulusal Okaliptüs Sempozyumu, Tarsus, Turkey. pp. 274-280. https://doa.ogm.gov.tr/Yayinlar/Muhtelif%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/DOA-%20Okaliptus%20Sempozyumu%20Bildiriler%20Kitab%C4%B1.pdf
Bektas, I.; Kilic Ak, A.; Cicekler, M.; Tutus, A. 2017. Effects of different drying environments on the dimensional stability of Eucalyptus wood. In Proceeding of the International Symposium on New Horizons in Forestry (ISFOR), Isparta, Turkey. pp. 334-336. http://ormanweb.isparta.edu.tr/isfor2017/documents/pdf/334.pdf
Bergman, R. 2021. Drying and control of moisture content and dimensional changes. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material: Chapter 13. Centennial ed. General technical report FPL; GTR-190. Madison, WI: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, pp. 13.1-13.20. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr282/chapter_13_fpl_gtr282.pdf
Bhat, K.M.; Bhat, K.V.; Dhamodaran, T.K. 1990. Wood density and fiber length of Eucalyptus grandis grown in Kerala. Wood Fiber Sci 22(1): 54–61. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1862
Bown, H.E.; Lasserre, J. 2015. An air-drying model for piled logs of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens in Chile. N Z J For Sci 45(1): 1-9. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40490-015-0047-6.pdf
Bozkurt, A.Y.; Goker, Y. 1996. Fiziksel ve mekanik ağaç teknolojisi (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 436, Istanbul, Turkey. https://www.worldcat.org/title/fiziksel-ve-mekanik-agac-teknolojisi-ders-kitab/oclc/192012408
Cetin, F.; Gunduz, G. 2016. Türkiye'deki bazı ağaç türü odunlarının fiziksel özellikleri üzerine yapılan araștırmaların değerlendirilmesi (in Turkish). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 8(2): 175–193. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/272873
Cetin, F.; Gunduz, G. 2017. Türkiye'deki bazı ağaç türü odunlarının mekanik özellikleri üzerine yapılan araștırmaların değerlendirilmesi (in Turkish). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 19(1): 161–181. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/302267
Dackermann, U.; Elsener, R.; Li, J.; Crews, K. 2016. A comparative study of using static and ultrasonic material testing methods to determine the anisotropic material properties of wood. Constr Build Mater 102(2): 963–976. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061815302178
Dahl, K.B.; Malo, K.A. 2009. Planar strain measurements on wood specimens. Exp Mech 49: 575–586. https://link.springer.com/content/ pdf/10.1007/s11340-008-9162-0.pdf
Davis, P.H. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands - Vol: 10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. https://www.amazon.com/Flora-Turkey-10-Aegean-Islands/dp/0852245599
Duzkale, G.; Bektas, I.; Tunc, H.H.; Doganlar, Y. 2014. Zeytin ağacı (Olea Europaea) odununun bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (in Turkish). Ormancılık Dergisi 10(2): 29–35. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/272118
Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Air drying of lumber. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–117. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 62 p. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr117.pdf
Gurboy, B.; Ozden, O. 1994. E. camaldulensis ve E. grandis odununun hacim-ağırlık değerleri ve lif morfolojisi (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 44(1): 101–109. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/176620
Kantay, R. 1993. Kereste kurutma ve buharlama. Ormancılık Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı Yayın No: 6, Istanbul, Turkey. https://www.nadirkitap.com/kereste-kurutma-ve-buharlama-ramazan-kantay-kitap3189376.html
Karsavuran, Y.; Ayvaz, A.; Doganlar, M. 2008. Okaliptüste zararlı olan Leptocybe invasa Fisher and La Salle ve Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hym.: Eulophidae)’nin Muğla ili’nde yayılışı (in Turkish). Ege Univ Ziraat Fak Derg 45(2): 91-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/59283
Kilic Ak, A. 2016. Okaliptüs kerestesinin doğal kurutma şartları üzerine denemeler: Kahramanmaraş ili örneği (in Turkish). Master Thesis, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=cbOXH84ZayrLjc0tI-QXKsJJChjMEmY2LWn2Qb57c9BwlyjP-b-6BDJLBirvKL7M
Kocaefe, D.; Poncsak S.; Boluk, Y. 2008. Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of birch and apsen. Bioresources 3(2): 517-537. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_03_2_Kocaefe_PB_ThermalTreatment_Birch_Aspen/199
Korkut, S.; Korkut, D.S.; Bekar, I. 2008. Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) odununun bazı teknolojik özellikleri üzerine ısıl işlemin etkisi (in Turkish). In: Proceeding of the 1st Ulusal Okaliptüs Sempozyumu, Tarsus, Turkey. pp. 209-214. https://doa.ogm.gov.tr/Yayinlar/Muhtelif%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/DOA-%20Okaliptus%20Sempozyumu%20Bildiriler%20Kitab%C4%B1.pdf
Kurschner, K.; Hoffer, A. 1969. Ein neues verfahren zur bestimmung der zellulose (in German). Technol und Chemie der Pap Zellstoff- Fabrikation 26: 125–139.
Lahr F.A.R.; Nogueira M.C.; De Araujo, V.A.; Vasconcelos, J.S.; Christoforo, A.L. 2018. Wood utilization of Eucalyptus grandis in structural elements: Densities and mechanical properties. Eng Agric 38(5): 642–647. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v38n5p642-647/2018
Lahr, F.A.R.; Nogueira, M.C.; De Araujo, V.A.; Vasconcelos, J.S.; Christoforo, A.L. 2017. Physical-mechanical characterization of Eucalyptus urophylla wood. Eng Agric 37(5): 900–906. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v37n5p900-906/2017
Lima, I.L.; Longui, E.L.; Freitas, M.L.M.; Zanatto, A.C.S.; Zanata, M.; Florsheim, S. M. B.; Bortoletto, G. 2014. Physical-mechanical and anatomical characterization in 26-year-old Eucalyptus resinifera wood. Floresta Ambiente 21(1): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.4322/floram.2014.006
Nogueira, M.C.; Almeida, D.H.; Araujo, V.A.; Vasconcelos, J.S.; Christoforo, A.L.; Almeida, T.H.; Lahr, F.A.R. 2019. Physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna wood for timber structures. Ambient constr 19(2): 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212019000200319
Nogueira, M.C.; De Araujo, V.A.; Vasconcelos, J.S.; Cruz, J.N.; Vasconcelos, J. C.S.; Prataviera, F.; Christoforo, A.L.; Lahr, F.A.R. 2018. Characterization of Eucalyptus maidenii timber for structural application: Physical and mechanical properties at two moisture conditions. Seefor 9(2): 141–146. https://doi.org/10.15177/seefor.18-10
Ors, Y.; Keskin, H. 2008. Ağaç malzeme teknolojisi (in Turkish). Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Turkey. https://finalpazarlama.com/kitap/gazi-kitabevi/agac-malzeme-teknolojisi/010133777
Pettersen, R.C. 1984. The Chemical composition of wood. Chapter 2 In: The chemistry of solid wood. American Chemical Society, 57–126, Madison, WI, USA. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1984/pette84a.pdf
Sancak, S. 2010. Kızılcık (Cornus mas L.) odununun bazı fiziksel, mekanik ve teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (in Turkish). Master Thesis, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=zD1B0cW7zVr3VcnZjitVXmXz9GnM8q66JMfip1nmLfq-bqMHxf1xZVN8MevJJ63w
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 1999. TAPPI T203 cm-99: Alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose in pulp. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA. https://www.tappi.org/
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 2008. TAPPI T207 cm-08: Water solubility of wood and pulp. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA. https://www.tappi.org/
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 2015. TAPPI T222 om-15: Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA. https://www.tappi.org/
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 2016. TAPPI T211 om-16: Ash in wood, pulp, paper and paperboard: combustion at 525 °C. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA. https://www.tappi.org/
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 2018. TAPPI T212 om-18: One percent sodium hydroxide solubility of wood and pulp. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA. https://www.tappi.org/
Trevisan, R.; Rosa, M.; Haselein, C.R.; Santini, E.J.; Gatto, D.A. 2017. Dimensões das fibras e sua relação com a idade de transição entre lenho juvenil e adulto de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex maiden (in Portuguese). Cienc Florest 27(4): 1385–1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509830220
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2470: Wood - sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical tests. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2472: Wood - determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2474: Wood - determination of ultimate strength in static bending. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2475: Wood - detemination of ultimate tensile stress parallel to grain. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2477: Wood - determination of ımpact bending strength. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2478: Wood - determination of modulus of elasticity ın static bending. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1976. TS 2479: Wood - determination of static hardness. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1983. TS 4083: Wood - determination of radial and tangential shrinkage. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1983. TS 4084: Wood - determination of radial and tangential swelling. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1983. TS 4085: Wood - determination of volumetric shrinkage. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 1983. TS 4086: Wood - determination of volumetric swelling. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 2012. TS 3459: Wood - determination of ultimate shearing stress parallel to grain. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Turkish Standart Instution. 2019. TS ISO 13061-17: Physical and mechanical properties of wood - Test methods for small clear wood specimens - Part 17: Determination of ultimate stress in compression parallel to grain. TSE, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/StandardAra.aspx
Simpson,W.T., Wang, X., 2004. Estimating air-drying times of small-diameter ponderosa pine and Douglas fir logs. Forest Prod J 54(12): 24-28. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_simpson002.pdf
Wise, E.L.; Karl, H.L. 1962. Cellulose and hemicelluloses in pulp and paper science and technology. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York City, USA.
Yaltirik, F.; Efe, A. 1994. Dendroloji = gymnospermae - angiospermae (in Turkish). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 431, Istanbul, Turkey. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Dendroloji.html?id=fMF2MwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.