Comparison of some wood properties of juvenile black pines of different origin planted in the same habitat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100466Keywords:
Anatomical properties, chemical properties, juvenile wood, mechanical properties, physical properties, wood propertiesAbstract
Black pine (Pinus nigra) is a significant raw material source for the forest products industry in Turkey. The purpose of this research was to study some chemical, anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood obtained from juvenile black pines planted in Kavaklıdere - Muğla, originating from five different locations: Muğla, Balıkesir, Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya. Although pines originating from Muğla and Balıkesir were good in terms of wood properties, those from Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya exhibited no remarkable features. Black pine of Muğla origin was recommended for planting in Kavaklıdere and similar habitats, whereas pines of Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya origins were not recommended. However, pine of Balıkesir origin may be an alternative to that of Muğla origin for black pine plantations at Kavaklıdere and similar sites.
Downloads
References
Acar, F.C.; Altun, Z.G.; Boza, A. 2011. Provenance trials of Turkish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. nigra var. caramanica) in Ege Region: Fifteenth year results. Ege Forestry Research Institute, Technical Bulletin No: 50. İzmir, Turkey. (in Turkish). https://yayin.ogm.gov.tr/index.php?yay=443&secA=1
Acar, F.C.; Altun, Z.G.; Boza, A.; Örtel, E. 2019. Provenance trials of Turkish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. nigra var. caramanica) in Ege Region: Twentieth- and twenty-fifth-year result. Ege Forestry Research Institute, Project Interim Report, 15.1704. İzmir, Turkey. (in Turkish, unpublished).
Akgül, M.; Tozluoglu, A. 2009. Some chemical and morphological properties of juvenile woods from beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and pine (Pinus nigra A.) plantations. Trends Appl Sci Res 4(2): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2009.116.125
Alteyrac, J.; Cloutier, A.; Zhang, S.Y. 2006. Characterization of juvenile wood to mature wood transition age in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) at different stand densities and sampling heights. Wood Sci Technol 40(2): 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-005-0047-4
Arslan, M.B.; Aydemir, D. 2009. Juvenile wood and its properties. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 11(16): 25-32. (in Turkish). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/barofd/issue/3398/46801
Ataç, Y. 2009. Examination of some softwood and hardwood trees in terms of paper properties of their sapwood and heartwood. Ph.D. Thesis, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey (in Turkish). http://hdl.handle.net/11772/140
Ateş, S. 2004. Comparative regression models on experimental designing the kraft pulping conditions of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Subsp. pallasiana) wood. Ph.D. Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
Bal, B.C.; Bektaş, İ.; Kaymakçı, A. 2012. Some physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood and mature wood of Taurus cedar. KSU J Eng Sci 15(2): 17-27. (in Turkish). http://jes.ksu.edu.tr/en/pub/issue/19361/205324
Bao, F.C.; Jiang, Z.H.; Jiang, X.M.; Lu, X.X.; Luo, X.Q.; Zhang, S.Y. 2001. Different in wood properties between juvenile wood and mature wood in 10 species grown in China. Wood Sci Technol 35(4): 363-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260100099
Deresse, T.; Shepard, R.K.; Shaler, S.M. 2003. Microfibril angle variation in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and its relation to the strength and stiffness of early juvenile wood. Forest Prod J 53(7): 34-40. https://www.proquest.com/docview/214638606/fulltextPDF/3460B7D09D6D4110PQ/1?accountid=17248
Döğdü, Y.C. 2006. Some technological properties of (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana) and determining the kiln drying schedules. M.Sc. Thesis, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Bartın, Turkey. (in Turkish).
Erten, A.P.; İlter, E. 1995. Studies on the determination of chemical components of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) wood. Turkish Forestry Research Institute, Technical Bulletin No: 250. Ankara, Turkey. (in Turkish). https://yayin.ogm.gov.tr/?yay=250&secA=1
Erten, P.; Sözen, R. 1994. Studies on the determination of some physical and mechanical properties of Pinus pinea, Pinus nigra Arnold and Acer platanoides wood. Central Anatolia Forestry Research institute, Technical Bulletin No: 266. Ankara, Turkey. (in Turkish). https://yayin.ogm.gov.tr/?yay=266&secA=1
Gerçek, Z. 1984. The interior morphological characteristics of [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] grown in Turkey and the effect of different growing conditions upon these characteristics. Ph.D. Thesis, Karadeniz University, Trabzon, Turkey. (in Turkish).
Gerçek, Z. 1997. Doğu karadeniz bölgesindeki egzotik angiospermae (kapalı tohumlular) taksonlarının odun atlası. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi. Trabzon, Turkey. (in Turkish).
Göker, Y. 1969. A study of some physical and mechanical properties and use possibilities of (Pinus nigra Arnl. var. pallasiana) from Elekdağ and Dursunbey. J Fac For Istanbul U 19(2): 91-135. (in Turkish).
Guler, C.; Çopur, Y.; Akgul M.; Buyuksari, Ü. 2007. Some chemical, physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood from black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantations. J Appl Sci 7(5): 755-758. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.755.758
Gündüz, G. 1999. Anatomic, technological and chemical properties of Camiyanı Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana). Ph.D. Thesis, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Bartın, Turkey. (in Turkish).
Hafızoğlu, H.; Usta, M. 2005. Chemical composition of coniferous wood species occurring in Turkey. Holz Roh Werkst 63(1): 83-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0539-1
İstek, A.; Gülsoy, S.K.; Eroğlu, H. 2010. The comparison of fiber properties of sapwood and heartwood of black pine. In Proceedings of Third National Black Sea Forestry Congress, May 20-22. Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin, Turkey, pp: 1916-1924. (in Turkish).
Ives, E. 2001. A guide to wood microtomy: making quality microslides of wood sections. Ipswich, United Kingdom.
Kılıç, A.; Sarıusta, S.E.; Hafızoğlu, H. 2010. Chemical Structure of Compression Wood of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and P. brutia. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 12(18): 33-39. (in Turkish). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/barofd/issue/3396/46779
Kretschmann D.E. 1998. Properties of juvenile wood. techline, properties and use of wood, composites, and fiber products. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Washington, DC, USA. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/techline/properties-of-juvenile-wood.pdf
Larson, P.R.; Kretschmann, D.E.; Clark, III.A.; Isebrands, J.G. 2001. Formation and properties of juvenile wood in Southern pines: A synopsis. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-129. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA. https://doi.org/10.2737/FPL-GTR-129
Lichtenegger, H.; Reiterer, A.; Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E.; Fratzl, P. 1999. Variation of cellulose microfibril angles in softwoods and hardwoods-a possible strategy of mechanical optimization. J Struct Biol 128(3): 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1999.4194
Merev, N. 1998. Doğu karadeniz bölgesindeki doğal angiospermae taksonlarının odun anatomisi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi. Trabzon, Türkiye (in Turkish).
Oluwafemi, O.A. 2007. Wood properties and selection for rotation length in Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) grown in Afaka, Nigeria. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2(4): 359-363. https://www.idosi.org/aejaes/aejaes2(4).htm
Passialis, C.; Kiriazakos, A. 2004. Juvenile and mature wood of naturally-grown fir trees. Holz Roh Werkst 62(6): 476-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0525-7
Pikk, J.; Kask, R. 2006. Mechanical properties of juvenile wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on Myrtillus forest site type. Balt For 10(1): 72-78.
https://www.balticforestry.mi.lt/bf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=14&id=224
Reiterer, A.; Lichtenegger, H.; Tschegg, S.; Fratzl P. 1999. Experimental evidence for a mechanical function of the cellulose microfibril angle in wood cell walls. Philos Mag A 79(9): 2173-2184. https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619908210415
Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Forestry. 2019. Forestry statistics. (in Turkish). https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx?RootFolder=%2Fekutuphane%2FIstatistikler%2FOrmanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20%C4%B0statistikleri&FolderCTID=0x012000301D182F8CB9FC49963274E712A2DC00&View={4B3B693B-B532-4C7F-A2D0-732F715C89CC}
Sarıusta, S.E. 2007. Investigations on anatomical and chemical properties of reaction wood of Pinus sylvestris (L.), Pinus nigra (Arnold.) and Pinus brutia (Ten.). M.Sc. Thesis, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Bartın, Turkey (in Turkish).
Sevgi, O.; Yılmaz, Y.; Carus, S.; Dündar, T.; Kavgacı, A.; Tecimen, H.B. 2010. Growth – nutrition models and wood technology of black pine forests in relation with altitude at Alaçam Mountains. Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council Project Last Report, 1040551. Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/project/detail/TVRBMU1URXg=
TAPPI. 1975. TAPPI T 203 os-71: Alpha, beta and gamma cellulose in pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1985. TAPPI T 257 cm-85: Sampling and preparing wood for analysis. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1988. TAPPI T 222 om-88: Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1993. TAPPI T 207 cm-93: Water solubility of wood and pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1993. TAPPI T 211 om-93: Ash in wood and pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1997. TAPPI T 204 cm-97: Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
TAPPI. 1998. TAPPI T 212 om-98: One percent sodium hydroxide solubility of wood and pulp. TAPPI Press. Atlanta, Ga, USA.
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1976. TS 2470: Wood - sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical tests. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1976. TS 2472: Wood - determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1976. TS 2474: Wood - determination of ultimate strength in static bending. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1976. TS 2478: Wood - determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1977. TS 2595: Wood - determination of ultimate stress in compression parallel to grain. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1983. TS 4083: Wood - determination of radial and tangential shrinkage. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, 1983. TS 4084: Wood - determination of radial and tangential swelling. Turkish Standarts Institution, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1983. TS 4085: Wood - determination of volumetric shrinkage. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, 1983. TS 4086: Wood - determination of volumetric swelling. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Türk Standardları Enstitüsü. 1984. TS 4176: Wood - sampling sample trees and long for determination of physical and mechanical properties of wood in homogeneous stands. TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). https://intweb.tse.org.tr
Usta, M. 1993. Comparing wood and bark constituents of endemic species. In Proceedings Second Forest Products Symposium, September 6-9. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, ORENKO 93, Trabzon, Turkey, pp: 288-292. (in Turkish).
Wise, L.E.; Karl, H.L. 1962. Cellulose and hemicellulose in pulp and paper science and technology. McGraw Hill Book Co, New York.
Yaltırık, F.; Efe A. 1994. Dendroloji ders kitabı, gymnospermae-angiospermae. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul, Türkiye (in Turkish).
Yeh, T.F.; Braun, J.L.; Goldfarb, B.; Chang, H.M.; Kadla, J.F.; 2006. Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Holzforschung 60(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2006.001
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.