Effect of natural aging on selected properties of wooden facade elements made of scots pine and chestnut
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2023000100418Keywords:
Chestnut, natural aging, Scots pine, weathering, wooden facade elementsAbstract
Identifying wood species of each wood element of a historical wooden building and investigating the changes in wood properties due to exposed outdoors during its service life are important prerequisites for the maintenance and renovation of historical wooden buildings. In the present study, the changes in wood properties occurring during natural aging of two facade elements taken from a traditional house, which has a service life of approximately 100 years, were investigated. Destructive tests were used for the experiments. The wood species, moisture content, wood density, water absorption rate and chemical structure of both facade elements were determined. Microscopic analysis revealed that the molding was made from the wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and the window jamb was made from chestnut (Castanea sativa). It was found that the cellulose and lignin on the outer surface of aged woods of both facade elements were degraded according to the FTIR analysis. The moisture and density values of aged wood for both facade elements were smaller than those of recent wood. The water absorption rates of aged woods of both molding and window jamb increased with natural aging.
Downloads
References
Agarwal, U.P.; Atalla, R.H. 2010. Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chapter 4. In: Lignin and Lignans: Advanced in Chemistry. Heitner, C.; Dimmel, D.R.; Schmidt, J.A. (Eds). Boca Raton: CRC press. USA.
Anderson, E.L.; Pawlak, Z.; Owen, N.L.; Feist, W.C. 1991. Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part I: Softwoods. Appl Spectrosc 45(4): 641-647. https://opg.optica.org/as/abstract.cfm?URI=as-45-4-641
Borgin, K.; Faix, O.; Schweers, W. 1975. The effect of aging in lignins of wood. Wood Sci Technol 9: 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364638
Committee on Nomenclature 1964. International Association of Wood Anatomist: "Multilingual glossary of terms used in wood anatomy", Verlagsanstalt Buchdruckerei, Konkordia Winterthur. https://www.iawa-website.org/uploads/soft/Abstracts/IAWA_glossary.pdf
Cruz, H.; Yeomans, D.; Tsakanika, E.; Macchioni, N.; Jorissen, A.; Touza, M.; Mannucci, M.; Lourenço, P.B. 2015. Guidelines for on-site assessment of historic timber structures. Int J Archit Heritage 9(3): 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.774070
Dieste, A.; Rodríguez, K.; Baño, V. 2013. Wood–water relations of chestnut wood used for structural purposes. Eur J Wood Prod 71(1): 133-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0627-6
Esteban, L.G.; Fernández, F.G.; Casasús, A.G.; De palacios De Palacios, P.; Gril, J. 2006. Comparison of the hygroscopic behaviour of 205-year-old and recently cut juvenile wood from Pinus sylvestris L. Ann For Sci 63(3): 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006010
Evangelisti, L.; Guattari, C.; Fontana, L.; Vollaro, R.D.L.; Asdrubali, F. 2022. On the ageing and weathering effects in assembled modular facades: On-site experimental measurements in an Italian building of the 1960s. J Build Eng 45: 103519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103519
Faix, O. 1991. Classification of lignins from different botanical origins by FT-IR spectroscopy, Holzforschung 45: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.s1.21
Feist, W.C. 1983. Weathering and Protection of Wood. In Proceedings of the Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Wood-Preservers’ Association. 79: 195-205. 17-20 April, Kansas City, MO, USA. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.23.7686&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Feist, W.C. 1990. Outdoor Wood Weathering and Protection. In Archaeological Wood: Properties, Chemistry, and Preservation; Advances in Chemistry Series 225. Rowell, R.M.B., James, R. (Eds.). American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ba-1990-0225.ch011
Gereke, T.; Anheuser, K.; Lehmann, E.; Kranitz, K.; Niemz, P. 2011. Moisture behaviour of recent and naturally aged wood. Wood Res 56(1): 33-42. http://www.woodresearch.sk/wr/201101/04.pdf
Inagaki, T.; Yonenobu, H.; Tsuchikawa, S. 2008. Near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of the water adsorption/desorption process in modern and archaeological wood. Appl Spectrosc 62(8): 860-865. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370208785284312.
InsideWood. 2018. The InsideWood Database. http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search?3
Ives, E. 2001. A Guide to Wood Microtomy: Making Quality Microslides of Wood Sections. Ipswich, United Kingdom.
Jelle, B.P. 2012. Accelerated climate ageing of building materials, components and structures in the laboratory, J Mater Sci 47: 6475–6496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6349-7
Kato, K.; Nitta, M.; Mizuno, T. 1973. Infrared spectroscopy of some mannans. Agric Biol Chem 37(2): 433-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1973.10860687
Kohara, J.; Okamoto, H. 1955. Studies of Japanese old timbers. Sci Rep Saikyo Univ 7(1): 9-20.
Kollmann, F.F.; Côté Jr, W.A. 1968. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Vol. I. Solid Wood. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
Krajewski, A.; Kozakiewicz, P.; Witomski, P. 2020. Comparison of selected properties of natural aged wood and contemporary timber of Pinus sylvestris L. investigated using standard methods and measuring of transition speed of ultrasounds along the fibre. Wood Res 65(3): 405-414. https://doi.org/10.37763/WR.1336-4561/65.3.405414
Kranitz, K.; Sonderegger, W.; Bues, C.T.; Niemz, P. 2016. Effects of aging on wood: a literature review. Wood Sci Technol 50(1): 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0766-0
Kropat, M.; Hubbe, M.A.; Laleicke, F. 2020. Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A review. BioResources 15(4): 9998-10062. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_15_4_Kropat_Natural_Accelerated_Simulated_Weathering/8143
Kutnik, M.; Suttie, E.; Brischke, C. 2014. European standards on durability and performance of wood and wood-based products–Trends and challenges. Wood Mater Sci Eng 9(3): 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2014.894574
Larsen, K.E.; Marstein, N. 2016. Conservation of historic timber structures. An ecological approach. Oslo. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/1656
Merev, N. 1998. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Doğal Angiospermae Taksonlarının Odun Anatomisi, KTÜ Basımevi, Trabzon, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
Nelson, M.L.; O’Connor, R.T. 1964. Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in cellulose I and II. J Appl Polym Sci 8(3): 1325-1341. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080323
Nuopponen, M. 2005. FT-IR and UV-Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Thermal Modification of Scots pine Wood and Its Extractable Compounds. Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Series A, 23. Espoo, Finland. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.453.6995&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Osvaldova, L.M. 2020. Wooden Façades and Fire Safety: Effects of Joint Type on Ignition Behaviour. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48883-3
Owen, N.L.; Thomas, D.W. 1989. Infrared studies of “hard” and “soft” woods. Appl Spectrosc 43(3): 451-455. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202760
Panshin, A.J.; Zeeuw, C. 1970. Textbook of Wood Technology. Volume I, McGraw-Hill, Inc.: United States of America.
Reinprecht, L. 2016. Wood deterioration, protection and maintenance. John Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119106500
Saranpää, P. 2003. Wood density and growth. In Wood Quality and its Biological Basis. Barnett, J.R.; Jeronimidis, G. (Eds.). Blackwell Publishing, CRC Press.
Sonderegger, W.; Kránitz, K.; Bues, C.T.; Niemz, P. 2015. Aging effects on physical and mechanical properties of spruce, fir and oak wood. J Cult Heritage 16(6): 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.02.002
SPSS Statistics. 2021. Version 23. IBM. https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-23
Thaler, N.; Žlahtič, M.; Humar, M. 2014. Performance of recent and old sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) wood. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 94: 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.06.016
Turkish Standard. 2021. Physical and mechanical properties of wood. Test methods for small clear wood specimens. Part 1: Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests. TS ISO 13061-1. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/Standard.aspx?081118051115108051104119110104055047105102120088111043113104073087051081111103079098084082055099
Turkish Standard. 2021. Physical and mechanical properties of wood. Test methods for small clear wood specimens. Part 2: Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. TS ISO 13061-2. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey. https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/Standard.aspx?081118051115108051104119110104055047105102120088111043113104073088083114089106090117111049068085
Tomak, E.D.; Viitanen, H.; Yildiz, U.C.; Hughes, M. 2011. The combined effects of boron and oil heat treatment on the properties of beech and Scots pine wood. Part 2: Water absorption, compression strength, color changes, and decay resistance. J Mater Sci 46(3): 608-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4860-2
Vurdu, H.; Kesik, H.İ.; Kurtuluș, O.Ç.; Özkan, O.E. 2013. Some physical and mechanical properties of antique and fresh cut Pinus sylvestris and Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana woods. Pro Ligno 9(4): 562-567. http://www.proligno.ro/en/articles/2013/4/Vurdu_final.pdf
Williams, R.S. 2005. Chapter 7. Weathering of Wood. In Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. Rowell, R.M. (Ed.). Taylor and Francis CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Yaman, B. 2007. Comparative wood anatomy of Pinus sylvestris and its var. compacta in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey. IAWA J 28(1): 75-81. https://brill.com/view/journals/iawa/28/1/article-p75_8.xml?ebody=pdf-49903
Zhao, C.; Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, W.; Song, P. 2019. Probing chemical changes in holocellulose and lignin of timbers in ancient buildings. Polymers 11(5): 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050809
Zimmer, K.; Flindall, O.; Gobakken, L.R.; Nygaard, M. 2020. Weathering of unpainted wooden façades-Experience and examples 2020. NIBIO Rapport. Vol 6, No 5. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2638753
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.