Evaluation of wood coating performance and volatile organic compounds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2025.07Keywords:
Adhesion strength, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Emission rates, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Polyurethane varnish, surface coating, UV aging test, volatile organics compounds, water-based varnish, wood urban furnitureAbstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the environment-performance relationship of surface coating applications on data obtained by measuring the emission rates of volatile organic compounds in polyurethane and water-based varnishes. For this purpose, polyurethane and water-based varnishes from five different companies were applied to the test samples of Entandrophragma cylindricum (sapele) and Piptadeniastrum africanum (dabema), both widely used in the production of urban furniture. Volatile organic compound, hardness and adhesion strength were measured during application. When evaluated in terms of performance, polyurethane varnishes showed superior hardness, while water-based varnishes demonstrated better adhesion after the UV test. The hardness values of polyurethane varnishes before and after the UV aging test were 15,9 s and 79,403 s, respectively, while forwater-based varnishes were , the values were 114,92 s and 75,406 s. The adhesion values of water-based varnishes were 2,885 MPa and 1,18 MPa before and after the UV aging test, and for polyurethane varnishes 3,13 MPa and 1,05 MPa for. When the environment-oriented results were evaluated, the ; emission values of volatile organic compounds in polyurethane varnish applications were found to be significantly higher than those in in water-based varnishes applications. While the total emission rate of volatile organic compounds detected in polyurethane varnishes was 53,63 mg/Nm3, while only one brand of water-based varnishes showed a measurable emission value, recorded at 0,0057 mg/Nm3. The volatile organic compounds emission values of other water-based varnishes were below the device detection limit (<0,0035 mg/Nm3), and therefore could not be measured.
Downloads
References
Akgun, E. 2008. Comparison of Conventional Varnishes with Nanolacke UV Varnish with Respect to Resistance Properties. MSc Thesis. Zonguldak Karaelmas University Institute of Science and Technology. Zonguldak, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=8hHsc0LMhsaPN0O_PKBjJ-g&no=eDE3xCTr_aiIaW-rRHgiFw
ASTM. 2017. Standard Practice for Determination of Resistance of Factory-Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains and Reagents. ASTM D3023-98. ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM. 2022. Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers. ASTM D4541-22. ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Ayata, U.; Cakıcier, N. 2018. The effect of accelerated UV on the adhesion resistance of some wood species that have been heat-treated (ThermoWood) and water-based varnish. Politeknik J 21(3): 611-619. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.389600
Aydin, B. 2013. Determination of spatial distributions and sources of volatile organic compunds by passive sampling methodology in kutahya region. Doctoral Thesis. Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=S5rXE55DLk1ZFQhTBwIEdA&no=1bsSA7IjV596Qfetv-h8dIQ
Budakci, M. 1997. The effects of layer thickness on hardness, gloss and surface adhesion strength in wood varnishes. MSc. Thesis. Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology. Ankara, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=Z04rVNUkfbads1fHpKVHqg&no=Z04rVNUkfbads1fHpKVHqg
Budakci, M.; Sonmez, A. 2010. Determination of adhesion resistance of some wood varnishes on diffe- rent wood material surfaces. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 25(1): 111-118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/75672
Budakci, M.; Uysal, B.; Esen, R. 2015. The effect of boric acid modification on the hardness value of water-based varnish. İn: 5th International Advanced Techniques Symposium. Karabuk, Turkey.
Cakicier, N. 2007. Changes due to weathering of surface finishing layers of wood. Doctoral Thesis. Istan- bul University Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=Bjo30stVZxhOQbD0uWWyqw&no=DlbS4ZVOJFvy_K7X5ERcQA
Calovi, M.; Rossi, S. 2023. From wood waste to wood protection: New application of black bio renewable water-based dispersions as pigment for bio-based wood paint. Progress in Organic Coatings. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107577
Calovi, M.; Rossi, S. 2023. Impact of high concentrations of cellulose fibers on the morphology, durabi- lity and protective properties of wood paint. Coatings 13(4). e721. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040721
Chang, J.C.S.; Zhishi, G. 1992. Characterızatıon of organic emissions from a wood finishing product - wood Stain. Indoor Air 2: 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.03-23.x
Dalyan, B. 2010. The surface effects of marine conditions of the varnished woods.MSc Thesis. Karabuk University Institute of Science and Technology, Karabuk, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=fmz3Boknhpy31LicHpKfwA&no=pKM00yuNQqzlYNNTfGsSZA
Dilik, T.; Erdinler, S.; Hazir, E.; Koc, H.; Hiziroglu, S. 2015. Adhesion strength of wood based compo- sites coated with cellulosic and polyurethane paints. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015(1): 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/745675
Erdinler, S.; Koc, H.; Dilik, T.; Hazir, E. 2019. Layer thickness performances of coatings on MDF: Polyurethane and cellulosic paints. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 21(3): 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2019005000304
Gennaro, G.; Loiotile, D.A.; Fracchiolla, R.; Palmisani, J.; Saracino, R.M.; Tutino, M. 2015. Temporal variation of VOC emission from solvent and water based wood stains. Atmospheric Environment 115: 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.021
Gulbag, A. 2006. Quantitative determination of volatile organic compounds with artificial neural network and fuzzy logic based algorithms. Doctoral Thesis, Sakarya University, Institute of Science and Technology, Sakarya, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=5cfsraOcpbvUzJ0SuyCvOQ
Guney, A. 2010. Monitoring and assessment of indoor and outdoor air volatile organic compounds.MSc Thesis. Istanbul University Institute of Science and Technology. Istanbul, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/Ulu-salTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=74c1GcJXWtMnIzbFwqDVJg&no=6ZQK2mckMxsVfrVOeXaovg
Gur, O. 1990. Effects of varnish and thinner on the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa. Thesis ın Medicine. University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
Hazir, E.; Koc, H. 2019. Evaluatıon of wood surface coatıng performance usıng water based, solvent based and powder coatıng. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 21(4): 467-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2019005000404
Hazir, E.; Koc, K.H.; Baray, S.A.; Esnaf, S. 2020a. Improvement of adhesion strength for wood-based material coating process using design of experiment methodology. European Journal of Wood and Wood Pro- ducts 78: 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01510-3
Hazir, E.; Ozhan, T.; Koc, K.H. 2020b. Prediction of adhesion strength using extreme learning machine and support vector regression optimized with genetic algorithm. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 45: 6985-7004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04625-0
Hazir, E. 2021. Improvement of heat-treated wood coating performance using atmospheric plasma coating and design of experiments method. Polymers 13(9). e1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091520
Hazir, E.; Koc, H. 2021. Evaluatıon of wood-based coatıng performance for ultravıolet roller and con- ventıonal aır-atomızatıon processes. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 23. e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100412
Hermann, A.; Giljean, S.; Pac, M.J.; Marsiquet, C.; Burr, D.; Landry, V. 2023. Physico-mechanical characterisation of basecoats for tailored UV-cured multilayered wood coating systems. Progress in Organic Coatings 182. e107673.DOI
Ho, X.D.; Kim, H.K.; Sohn, R.J.; Oh, H.Y.; Ahn, W.J. 2011. Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Com- pounds Released from Newly Produced Household Furniture Products Using a Large-Scale Chamber Testing Method. Scientific World J 11: 1587-1622. https://doi.org/10.1100/2011/650624
Huang, E.; Guan, R.; McCrillis, R. 1997. Demonstration of no-voc/no-hap wood furniture coating system. Coatıngs World. Rodman Publications 2(6): 21-26. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=90544
ISO. 2022. Paints and varnishes - Pendulum damping test. ISO 1522:2022. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland.
Kesik, I. H. 2009. The layer performance of water based varnishes on wood preprocessed with various chemicals. Doctoral Thesis.Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=xPFWTRcu3dSURtzM2qTDPA&no=FmmcLQgSf0rwH-3ynUja3TA
Kocapinar, M. 2014. The effect of varnishes on adhesion strength of wood material and procening pro- perties in some tree species. MSc. Thesis. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Science and Technology, Trabzon, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=Nl8MCzbmamnqAwGWN-bE1qw&no=KdD-nkNgZwIldxCphpiu0A
Lee, S.C.; Kwok, N.H.; Guo, H.; Hung, W.T. 2003. The effect of wet film thickness on VOC emissions from a finishing varnish. Science of The Total Environment 10(4): 209-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00340-6
Mason, R.L.; Gunst, R.F.; Hess, J.L. 2003. Statistical design and analysis of experiments with application to engineering and science. John Wiley&Sons Publication. pp. 200-214.
Mercan, A.M. 2012. Some wood species belonging to the wood in the adhesion resistance of various varnish application conditions.MSc. Thesis. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Science and Technology, Trabzon, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=n7w185l7Fyc8WOzUk-b4_5w&no=40aTDYFiPaPJOZIY5d-LZg
Ozdemir, T. 2003. The Investigations of varnishes’ features at some tree species grown in Turkey. Docto- ral Thesis. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Science and Technology. Trabzon, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=wLnkMDE1ruKjxE4kDbZ-Hg&no=oKgZjvrvjF-6et_iAkj6iQ
Ozdemir, T.; Kocapinar, M. 2015. Effect of processing properties on adhesion resistance of Eastern Bla- ck Sea fir (Abies Nordmanniana Subsp.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsk.) woods Selcuk-Technical Journal 14(2): 15-25. http://sutod.selcuk.edu.tr/sutod/article/view/215/163
Ozen, R.; Sonmez, A. 1999. Effect of exterior exposure on the hadrness of varnishes coating. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 23(3): 323-328. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol23/iss3/8
Peker, H. 1997. Efficiency of treatment chemicals materials to varnishes used on surfaces of furniture. Doctoral Thesis. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Science and Technology. Trabzon, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=8o9zMgJ8IS-r9HWla-lZIA&no=8o9zMgJ8IS-r9HW-la-lZIA
Pelit, H. 2007. T The effect of woods moisture content on layer properties of water borne varnishes. MSc. Thesis. Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology. Ankara, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTez-Merkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=ZXxoPiz7ZtOKusVwJde-qA&no=mMAlIdSa1eKcro7U_wIi2A
Sarica, M. 2006. Effects of boric combinations and impregnation process on resistance of hardness and abrasion of some wooden materials and varnishes. MSc. Thesis. Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology. Ankara, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=qW3kUrIkZn5CtXjK-NFEK0Q&no=PHA3F8nVB87_5G4UrtuwZg
Sassoli, M.; Taiti, C.; Werther, G.N.; Costa, C.; Mancuso, S.; Menesatti, P.; Fioravanti, M. 2017. Characterization of VOC emission profile of different wood speciesduring moisture cycles. iForest - Biogeos- ciences and Forestry 10: 576-584. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2259-010
Seo, J.H.; Jeong, S.G.; Kim, S. 2015. Development of thermally enhanced wood-based materials with high VOCs adsorption using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets for use as building materials. “Graphite in wood products”. BioResources 10(4): 7081-7091. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.7081-7091
Soylamis, D. 2007. The effect of some water-repellent impregnation materials on the covering surface applications . Msc Thesis. Zonguldak Karaelmas University Institute of Science and Technology. Zonguldak, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=rH9wLWBybbmiLNJ_m8xfDg&-no=k5f1xRCiqwKCb9LAxVnJLA
Tesarova, D.; Cech, P. 2015. Influence of classic finished surfaces of massive wood on indoor environment. ProLigno 11(4): 294-300.
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2010. On industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Directive 2010/75/eu of the european parliament and of the council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:en:PDF
Toksoz, N.A. 2012. Measurement and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the ambient air of playgrounds in kocaeli. Doctoral Thesis. Kocaeli University Institute of Science and Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=qYGYYmxLoVszSnkcxxYl3A&no=M-Som95zGq0kxIKH6b8qdfA
Tong, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Zhou, P.; Li, J. 2018. Emission characteristics and probabilistic health risk of volatile organic compounds from solvents in wooden furniture manufacturing. Journal of Clea- ner Production 208: 1096-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.195
TS. 1996. Textiles-Tests For Colour Fastness Part AO2-Grey Scale For Assessing Change In Colour. TS 423-2 EN 20105-A02. TSE: Ankara, Turkey.
TS. 2001. Workplace air quality-Sampling and analysis- of volatile organic compounds by solvent desorption/gas chromatography-Part 1:Pumped sampling method. TS ISO 16200 - 1. TSE: Ankara, Turkey.
TS. 2021. Wood - Sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical testing of small clear wood specimens. TS ISO 3129. TSE: Ankara, Turkey.
TS. 2021. Paints and varnishes - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps. TS EN ISO 16474-3. TSE: Ankara, Turkey.
Ulay, G.; Budakci, M. 2015. Studies in Turkey on water-based varnishes used on wooden surfaces. Düzce University J Sci Technol 3(2): 470-480.
Williams, R.S.; Plantigna, P.L.; Feist, W.C. 1990. Photodegration of wood affects paint adhesion. Forest Prod J 40(1): 45. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19920656873
Yilmaz, E. 2011. Monitoring and determination of volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of the solvent using plants with passive sampling method. MSc. Thesis. Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=ZFD_F0vkZ6muprUOQIrMtA&no=A_LhXdh-cg1PODXrykyJG2Q
Zhu, X. D.; Liu, Y.; Shen, J. 2016. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions of wood-based panels coated with nanoparticles modified water based varnish. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74(4): 601-607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1012-7
Zhu, Y.; Zhu, W.; Li, Z.; Feng, Y.; Qi, W.; Li, S.; Wang, X.; Chen, M. 2023. Enhancement of wood coating properties by adding silica sol to UV-curable waterborne acrylics. Forests 14(2). 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020335
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
