Image based colorimetric characterization of scrub induced color changes in UV printed and water transfer printed MDF boards
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2026.07Keywords:
Image-Based Color Measurement, Medium-Density Fiberboard, UV Printing, Water Transfer Printing, Chemical Scrub ResistanceAbstract
Conventional colorimetric evaluation methods remain inadequate for accurately characterizing scrub-induced color changes on UV-printed and water transfer-printed decorative coatings applied to MDF after chemical resistance testing; therefore, this study proposes an image-based colorimetric characterization approach using an Image Processing-Based Scrub Tester to quantitatively assess such changes under simulated domestic chemical exposure. For this study, 8 mm thick Medium-Density Fiberboard sheets with a bright white, polyvinyl chloride-coated Medium-Density Fiberboard, high-gloss acrylic coating Medium-Density Fiberboard, Medium-Density Fiberboard lam, and Medium-Density Fiberboard sheets treated with polyurethane, cellulose-based, water-based and acrylic paints were utilized. A carbon fiber-patterned organic finish was applied to the surfaces of the pre-treated Medium-Density Fiberboard sample using ultraviolet printing and water transfer printing (WTP) techniques, followed by scrubbing testing with various domestic cleaning agents in compliance with Turkish Standards. As part of the picture evaluation process in this study, digital picture of the samples was captured after and before the scrubbing process. Color measurements were then analyzed based on L*, a*, and b* coordinates, conforming to the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE L*a*b*) color system, utilizing a newly developed evaluation technique. From the outcomes of the study, it was observed that the overall color shift of the water transfer printing samples was 124,63% more than the ultraviolet printed samples. To assess the precision of the Image Processing-Based Scrub Tester's color measurement system developed in this research, its results were benchmarked against those from a different color tester. As a result, the findings strongly suggest that the color test analysis performed with Image Processing-Based Scrub Tester, together with the developed software, has the potential to serve as an alternative to industrial testing equipment.
Downloads
References
Adobe. 2023. Resmi Adobe Photoshop | Photography and design software. https://www.adobe.com/tr/products/photoshop.html.
ASTM. 2020. Standard Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Coating Systems. ASTM D1308-20. 2020. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM. 2022. Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates. ASTM D2244-21. 2022. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM. 2017. Standard Practice For Determination Of Resistance Of Factory-Applied Coatings On Wood Products To Stains And Reagents. ASTM D3023-98. 2017. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Aytaş, H.A. 2021. Improving the Paintability Holding by Changeing the Mechanical Surface Tension of the Polyamide Material. Master's Thesis, Marmara University, Türkiye.
Aytin, A.; Çakıcıer, N.; Çiftçi, S.; Akter, M. 2021. The Effect of Water-Based Varnish Color Barrier on Color Change and Hardness of Natural Wood Veneer. Düzce University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(1), 62–75. https://izlik.org/JA39AB97TD
Budakçı, M. 2003. Pneumatic adhesion test device design, production and testing in wood varnishes. PhD Thesis, Gazi University, Türkiye.
Budakçı, M.; Katırcıoğlu, F.; Kaçamer, S. 2023. Image Processing Based Scrub Tester. Tübitak 1005, Project No: 221O551.
Cayton, R. H.; Sawitowski, T. 2005. The impact of Nano-materials on coating technologies. Technical Proceedings of the 2005 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, 2, 8-12.
Costat. 2023. CoStat-Free Statistics Software (for linear, polynomial, multiple, and non-linear regression, nonparametric tests, GLM ANOVA, multiple comparisons of means, analysis of frequency data, correlation, descriptive statistics, etc.). http://cohortsoftware.com/costat.html
Çark, Ö. 2022. Innovation Management Strategies. Organizational Behavior and Management in Family Businesses, 192.
Çavdar, K.; Soncu, S. 2018. Analyse of the surface preparetion methods before painting of plastics used in automotive industry. Adana Science and Technology University Journal of Science 1(2): 1-12. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/614095
Du, Q.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Y. 2013. The Application Profile of Water Transfer Printing in the Product Design. Applied Mechanics and Materials 274: 216-219. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.274.216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.274.216
DYO. 2023. Haziran 6. TDS, MSDS ve Sertifikalar. https://endustriyel.dyo.com.tr/sektorler/mobilya-boyalari/tds-msds-ve-sertifikalar
Ehtisham, R.; Qayyum, W.; Camp, C. V.; Plevris, V.; Mir, J.; Khan, Q. Z.; Ahmad, A. 2024. Computing the characteristics of defects in wooden structures using image processing and CNN. Automation in Construction 158: e105211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105211
Ercetin, A.; Der, O.; Akkoyun, F.; Gowdru-Chandrashekarappa, M. P.; Şener, R.; Çalışan, M.; Olgun, N.; Chate, G.; Bharath, K. N. 2024. Review of Image Processing Methods for Surface and Tool Condition Assessments in Machining. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8(6): 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060244
Fitzner, A.; Aßmus, U. 2005. Recommendation for the quality assessment of the product performance of all-purpose cleaners. SOFW Journal 131(9): 54.
IBM. 2021. Mayıs 21. Downloading IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (CT738,CT763,CT761,CT762). https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-24
Iglesias, F.; Aguilera, A.; Padilla, A.; Vizán, A.; Diez, E. 2024. Application of computer vision techniques to estimate surface roughness on wood-based sanded workpieces. Measurement 224: e113917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113917
Kaçamer, S. 2024. Investigation of The Use of Hydrographic Coatıng (Water Transfer Printing) and Ultraviolet (UV) Printing Process on Furniture Surfaces. PhD Thesis, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Türkiye.
Kaçamer, S.; Budakçı, M. 2023. Application parameters of water transfer printing on wood-based panel surfaces. BioResources 18(1): e1025. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.1025-1040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.1025-1040
Kaçamer, S.; Budakçı, M.; Katırcıoğlu, F. 2025. Image Processing Based Scrub Tester Design and Production. Drvna Industrija 76 (1): 69-77. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2025.0205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2025.0205
Kaçamer, S.; Katırcıoğlu, F.; Budakçı, M. 2024. Determining Abrasion Resistance of Decorative Coated Wood-Based Panels Using Retinex Model. BioResources 19(1): 1058-1078. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.1058-1078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.1058-1078
Katırcıoğlu, F.; Budakçı, M.; Kaçamer, S. 2025. Determination of Gloss in Decorative Coated Woodbased Composite Boards by Image Processing Method. BioResources 20(3): https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.3.5731-5753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.3.5731-5753
Kocacikli, M. 2023. An alternative technique by using digital photography and UV printing for fabricating a custom made ocular prosthesis. The International Journal of Artificial Organs 46(3): 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/03913988231151447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03913988231151447
Kok, M.; Young, T. M. 2014. Evaluation of insect residue resistant coatings-Correlation of a screening method with a conventional assessment technique. Progress in Organic Coatings 77(9): 1382-1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.04.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.04.020
Korkmaz, M.; Budakçi, M.; Kilinç, İ. 2025. Paint Removal From Marine-Aged Wooden Surfaces Using Agricultural Waste and İts Effects on Morphological Properties. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 20(6), 1352-1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2025.2564171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2025.2564171
Kukreja, S.; Sahoo, R.; Jain, D.; Arora, V. 2024. Image Processing. In: Computational Science and Its Applications, Apple Academic Press, (ss. 117-143). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003347484-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003347484-5
Kurniawan, A.; Lubis, D. S. 2022. Perancangan Corporate Identity Sebagai Media Promosi Pada UMKM Fajar Mebel Berbasis Adobe Photoshop Adobe Premiere Pro Dan Coreldraw. CIVITAS: Jurnal Studi Manajemen 4(1): 28-40. https://journals.stimsukmamedan.ac.id/index.php/civitas/article/view/439
Li, Y.; Zhang, F.; Wang, S. 2024. Regulatable interfacial adhesion between stamp and ink for transfer printing. Interdisciplinary Materials 3(1): 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12139
Macherey, M.; Schuhmacher-Wolz, U.; Belz, H.; Delbanco, E. H.; Mohr, K.; Gude, T.; Kaiser, E. 2021. Curing of UV prints-Assessment of possible toxicological hazard for consumers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 124: e104965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104965
Maden, H.; Kamber, Ö. Ş. 2018. A Study On The Effects Of Several Surface Treathments By Smoothness An Strenght On The Prototypes Produced By Fdm Technology. Duzce University Science and Technology Journal 6(4): 916-929. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.418704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.418704
Marazioti, V.; Douvas, A. M.; Vouvoudi, E. C.; Bikiaris, D.; Papadokostaki, K.; Nioras, D.; Gogolides, E.; Orfanoudakis, S.; Stergiopoulos, T.; Boyatzis, S.; Facorellis, Y. 2024. The Condition of Contemporary Murals in Sun-Exposed Urban Environments: A Model Study Based on Spray-Painted Mock-Ups and Simulated Light Ageing. Heritage 7(8): 3932-3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080186
Martinez, M. R. B.; Dayrit, K. M. D.; Yumang, A. N. 2024. Classification of Red Watermelon Varieties Using Canny Edge Detection and CNN. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CACIS61270.2024.10649622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CACIS61270.2024.10649622
Martinez, T.; Bertron, A.; Escadeillas, G.; Ringot, E.; Simon, V. 2014. BTEX abatement by photocatalytic TiO2-bearing coatings applied to cement mortars. Building and Environment 71: 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.004
MathWorks. 2023. Image Processing Toolbox. https://www.mathworks.com/products/image.html
Mitani, A.; Kamperidou, V.; Terzopoulou, P. 2024. Surface Treatment of Oak Wood with Silica Dioxide Nanoparticles and Paraloid B72. Forests 15(11): e1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111842
Mohanraj, G.; Mao, C.; Armine, A.; Kasher, R.; Arnusch, C. J. 2018. Ink-jet printing-assisted modification on polyethersulfone membranes using a UV-reactive antimicrobial peptide for fouling-resistant surfaces. ACS Omega 3(8): 8752-8759. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00916
Neral, B.; Šostar-Turk, S.; Vončina, B. 2006. Properties of UV-cured pigment prints on textile fabric. Dyes and Pigments 68(2-3): 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.01.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.01.022
Özcan, A. 2008. The Determination of Rough Paper Surface Effect on L*A*B* Values. Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Science 7(14): 53-61.
Özden, E. 2020. Electrostatic Powder Coating Process Parameters’ Optımization with Experimental Design Methods and Their Industrial Applications. Master's Thesis. Balıkesir University, Türkiye.
Özman, A. 2008. Health and safety considerations in printing, Master's Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, Türkiye.
Panozzo, D.; Diamanti, O.; Paris, S.; Tarini, M.; Sorkine, E.; Sorkine-Hornung, O. 2015. Texture mapping real-world objects with hydrographics. Computer Graphics Forum 34(5): 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12697
Parraman, C.; Adams-Foster, S. 2011. Traditional approaches using new technologies: Case studies of printed wallpaper using UV inkjet printing. Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design, 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1145/2079216.2079258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2079216.2079258
Ragb, H.; Nagabooshanam, V. 2024. Wooden Texture Anomaly Detection: Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Gradients. TechRxiv 2024: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.171294949.94424137/v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.171294949.94424137/v1
Redsve, I.; Kuisma, R.; Laitala, L.; Pesonen-Leinonen, E.; Mahlberg, R.; Kymäläinen, H.-R.; Hautala, M.; Sjöberg, A.M. 2003. Application of a proposed standard for testing soiling and cleanability of resilient floor coverings. Tenside, Surfactants, Detergents 40(6): 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2003-400607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2003-400607
Rutherford, K. L.; Trezona, R. I.; Ramamurthy, A. C.; Hutchings, I. M. 1997. The abrasive and erosive wear of polymeric paint films. Wear 203: 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(96)07369-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07369-3
Sang, R.; Manley, A. J.; Wu, Z.; Feng, X. 2020. Digital 3D wood texture: UV-curable inkjet printing on board surface. Coatings 10(12): e1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121144
Shi, H.; Liu, F.; Han, E.H. 2011. The corrosion behavior of zinc-rich paints on steel: Influence of simulated salts deposition in an offshore atmosphere at the steel/paint interface. Surface and Coatings Technology 205(19): 4532-4539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.118
Soncu, S. 2019. Development of Surface Preparation Process Before Painting in Plastic Parts, Master's Thesis, Bursa Uludağ University, Türkiye.
Tatar, A.; Haghighi, M.; Zeinijahromi, A. 2025. Experiments on image data augmentation techniques for geological rock type classification with convolutional neural networks. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 17(1): 106-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.02.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.02.015
TS. 1999. Wood-based panels- Determination of moisture content. TS EN 322. 1999. Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Türkiye.
TS. 2006. Paints and varnishes-Determination of wet-scrub resistance and cleanability of coatings. TS. EN ISO 11998. 2006. Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Türkiye.
Vieira, G. L.; Moutinho da Ponte, M. J.; Pereira-Moutinho, V. H.; Jardim-Gonçalves, R.; Pantoja-Lima, C.; de Albuquerque-Vinagre, M. V. 2022.
Identification of wood from the Amazon by characteristics of Haralick and Neural Network: İmage segmentation and polishing of the surface. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry 15(4): 234. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3906-015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3906-015
Yang, Q.; Wang, N.; Yi, L.; Yan, L. 2024. Construction of decorative, antibacterial, anti-aging and fire-retardant integrative coatings for wood substrates with super protective performances. Polymer Degradation and Stability 219: e110620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110620
Zhang, Y.; Yin, C.; Zheng, C.; Zhou, K. 2015. Computational hydrographic printing. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 34(4), 131:1-131:11. https://doi.org/10.1145/2766932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2766932
Zhao, P. 2013. Robust wood species recognition using variable color information. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124(17): 2833-2836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.08.058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.08.058
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
