Optimization in the design of concrete mixes for the sustainability of a South American Metropolitan Area by implementing material life cycle analysis

Abstract

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that identifies a product's environmental aspects and potential impacts by compiling an inventory of system inputs and outputs for optimization, strategic planning, and implementing sustainable policies. Several optimization techniques and their impact on mix design have been used in concrete production, such as multi-criteria analysis, statistical models, supplementary cementitious materials, and optimization algorithms. This work applies LCA to concrete production in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Colombia, with the hypothesis that optimizing proportions without adding special additives can reduce CO₂ emissions and energy consumption. Concrete mixes were designed using the ACI 211 methodology, and their environmental impacts were evaluated. The results show that using larger coarse aggregates reduces cement consumption, decreasing CO₂ emissions by up to 15%. The optimal mix is not only cheaper but also has a lower environmental impact. The conclusions indicate that it is possible to make economic efficiency compatible with promoting a lower carbon footprint.