Mechanical, dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of composites based on recycled polystyrene filled with wood flour wastes
Keywords:
Coupling agent, damping factor, impact strength, interfacial adhesion, stiffness, storage modulus tensile modulusAbstract
In this work, the potential for usage recycled polystyrene and wood flour wastes as materials for development wood plastic composites was evaluated. The effects of wood flour loading and coupling agent addition on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of polystyrene wood flour composites were examined. The results showed that the mechanical properties decreased with the wood flour loading. However, an improvement in composite compatibility was observed when the coupling agent was used resulting in the increase of mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. A morphological study demonstrates the positive effect in the interfacial adhesion between filler and matrix caused by the coupling agent addition. Based on the findings of this work, both waste materials can be used for development composites with higher performance.
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References
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Correa, C.A.; Razzino, C.A.; Hage Jr., E. 2007. Role of maleated coupling agents on the interface adhesion of polypropylene-wood composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 20: 323-339.
El-Sabbagh, A. 2014. Effect of coupling agent on natural fibre/polypropylene composites on mechanical and thermal behaviour. Composites Part B 57: 126-135.
Eshraghi, A.; Khademieslam, H.; Ghasemi, I. 2016. Effect of weathering on physical and mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposite based on polyethylene, woodflour and nanoclay. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18: 617-626.
García-García, D.; Carbonell, A.; Samper, M.D.; García-Sanoguerra, D.; Balart, R. 2015. Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder. Composites Part B 78: 256-265.
Güleç, T.; Tufan, M.; Akbaş, S. 2017. Insect damage wood as source of reinforcing filler for thermoplastic composite. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 19: 75-86.
Hong, H.; Liao, H.; Zhang, H.; He, H.; Liu, T.; Jia, D. 2014. Significant improvement in performance of recycled polyethylene/wood flour composites by synergistic compatibilization at multiscale. Composites Part A 64: 90-98.
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Khonsari, A.; Taghiyari, H.R.; Karimi, A.; Tajvidi, M. 2015. Study on the effect of wood flour geometry on physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 17: 545-558.
Kim, H.S.; Lee, B.H.; Choi, S.W.; Kim, S.; Kim, H.J. 2007. The effect of types of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial adhesion properties of bio-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Composites Part A 38: 1473-1482.
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Kubát, J.; Rigdahl, M.; Welander, M. 1990. Characterization of interfacial interactions in high density polyethylene filled with glass spheres using dynamic-mechanical analysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39: 1527-1539.
Liu, R.; Peng, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. 2014. Comparison on properties of lignocellulosic flour/ polymer composites by using wood, cellulose, and lignin flours as fillers. Composites Science and Technology 103: 1-7.
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Nachtigall, S.M.B.; Cerveira, G.S.; Rosa, S.M.L. 2007. New polymeric-coupling agent for polypropylene/wood-flour composites. Polymer Testing 26: 619-628.
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Naghmouchi, I.; Espinach, F.X.; Mutjé, P.; Boufi, S. 2015. Polypropylene composites based on lignocellulosic fillers: how the filler morphology affects the composite properties. Materials and Design 65: 454-461.
Najafi, S.K. 2013. Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - A review. Waste Management 33: 1898-1905.
Nygård, P.; Tanem, B.S.; Karlsen, T.; Brachet, P.; Leinsvang, B. 2008. Extrusion-based wood fibre-PP composites: wood powder and pelletized wood fibre – a comparative study. Composite Science and Technology 68: 3418-3424.
Ornaghi Jr., H.L.; Bolner, A.S.; Fiorio, R.; Zattera, A.J.; Amico, S.C. 2010. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid composites molded by resin transfer molding. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 118: 887-896.
Ou, R.; Xie, Y.; Wolcott, M.P.; Sui, S.; Wang, Q. 2014. Morphology, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of wood particle/high density polyethylene composites: effect of removal of wood cell wall composition. Materials and Design 58: 339-345.
Paul, S.A.; Sinturel, C.; Joseph, K.; Gem Mathew, G.D.; Pothan, L.A.; Sabu, T. 2010. Dynamic mechanical analysis of novel composites from commingled polypropylene fiber and banana fiber. Polymer Engineering and Science 50: 384-395.
Poletto, M.; Zeni, M.; Zattera, A.J. 2012. Effects of wood flour addition and coupling agent content on mechanical properties of recycled polystyrene/wood flour composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 25: 821-833.
Poletto, M.; Zattera, A.J.; Santana, R.M.C. 2014. Effect of natural oils on the stability and degradation kinetics of recycled polypropylene wood flour composites. Polymer Composites 10: 1935- 1942.
Punyamurthy, R.; Sampathkumar, D.; Ranganagowda, R.P.; Bennehalli, B.; Badyankal, P.; Venkateshappa, S.C. 2014. Surface modification of abaca fiber by benzene diazonium chloride treatment and its influence on tensile properties of abaca fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais 26: 142-149.
Spoljaric, S.; Genovese, A.; Shanks, R.A. 2009. Polypropylene-microcrystalline cellulose composites with enhanced compatibility and properties. Composites Part A 40: 791-799.
Sreekumar, P.A.; Thomas, P.S; Saiter, J.M.; Unnikrishnan, G.; Sabu, Ts. 2011. Viscoelastic and thermal properties of eco-friendly composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 30: 1509-1516.
Teuber, L.; Osburg, V.S.; Toporowski, W.; Militz, H.; Krause, A. 2016. Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilization. Journal of Cleaner Production 110: 9-15.
Tufan, M.; Akbaş, S.; Aslan, M. 2016. Decay resistance, thermal degradation, tensile and flexural properties of sisal carbon hybrid composites. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18: 509-606.
Turku, I.; Keskisaari, A.; Kärki, T.; Puurtinen, A.; Marttila, P. 2017. Characterization of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic blends. Composite Structures 161: 469-476.
AlMaadeed, M.A.; Nógellová, Z.; Janigová, I.; Kruppa, I. 2014b. Improved mechanical properties or recycled linear low-density polyethylene composites filled with date palm wood power. Materials and Design 58: 209-216.
Bengtsson, M.; Le Baillif, M.; Oksman, K. 2007. Extrusion and mechanical properties of highly filled cellulose fibre-polypropylene composites. Composites Part A 38: 1922-1931.
Correa, C.A.; Razzino, C.A.; Hage Jr., E. 2007. Role of maleated coupling agents on the interface adhesion of polypropylene-wood composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 20: 323-339.
El-Sabbagh, A. 2014. Effect of coupling agent on natural fibre/polypropylene composites on mechanical and thermal behaviour. Composites Part B 57: 126-135.
Eshraghi, A.; Khademieslam, H.; Ghasemi, I. 2016. Effect of weathering on physical and mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposite based on polyethylene, woodflour and nanoclay. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18: 617-626.
García-García, D.; Carbonell, A.; Samper, M.D.; García-Sanoguerra, D.; Balart, R. 2015. Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder. Composites Part B 78: 256-265.
Güleç, T.; Tufan, M.; Akbaş, S. 2017. Insect damage wood as source of reinforcing filler for thermoplastic composite. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 19: 75-86.
Hong, H.; Liao, H.; Zhang, H.; He, H.; Liu, T.; Jia, D. 2014. Significant improvement in performance of recycled polyethylene/wood flour composites by synergistic compatibilization at multiscale. Composites Part A 64: 90-98.
Idicula, M; Malhotra, S.K.; Joseph, K.; Thomas, S. 2005. Dynamic mechanical analysis of randomly oriented intimately mixed short banana/sisal hybrid fibre reinforced polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology 65: 1077-1087.
Jones, R.M. 1999. Mechanics of composite materials. 2nd ed., Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia.
Khonsari, A.; Taghiyari, H.R.; Karimi, A.; Tajvidi, M. 2015. Study on the effect of wood flour geometry on physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 17: 545-558.
Kim, H.S.; Lee, B.H.; Choi, S.W.; Kim, S.; Kim, H.J. 2007. The effect of types of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial adhesion properties of bio-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Composites Part A 38: 1473-1482.
Kord, B.; Malekian, B.; Yousefi, H.; Najafi, A. 2016. Preparation and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose/poly (vinylalcohol) composite films. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18: 743-752.
Kubát, J.; Rigdahl, M.; Welander, M. 1990. Characterization of interfacial interactions in high density polyethylene filled with glass spheres using dynamic-mechanical analysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39: 1527-1539.
Liu, R.; Peng, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. 2014. Comparison on properties of lignocellulosic flour/ polymer composites by using wood, cellulose, and lignin flours as fillers. Composites Science and Technology 103: 1-7.
Manikandan Nair, K.C.; Sabu, T; Groeninckx, G. 2001. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis of polystyrene composites reinforced with short sisal fibres. Composites Science and Technology 61: 2519-2529.
Mohanty, S.; Verma, S.K.; Nayak, S.K. 2006. Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of MAPE treated jute/HDPE composites. Composites Science and Technology 66: 538-547.
Nachtigall, S.M.B.; Cerveira, G.S.; Rosa, S.M.L. 2007. New polymeric-coupling agent for polypropylene/wood-flour composites. Polymer Testing 26: 619-628.
Nafchi, H.R.; Abdouss, M.; Najaf, S.K.; Gargari, R.M.; Mazhar, M. 2015. Effects of nanoclay particles and oxidized polypropylene polymers on improvement of the termal properties of wood plastic composite. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 17: 45-54.
Naghmouchi, I.; Espinach, F.X.; Mutjé, P.; Boufi, S. 2015. Polypropylene composites based on lignocellulosic fillers: how the filler morphology affects the composite properties. Materials and Design 65: 454-461.
Najafi, S.K. 2013. Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - A review. Waste Management 33: 1898-1905.
Nygård, P.; Tanem, B.S.; Karlsen, T.; Brachet, P.; Leinsvang, B. 2008. Extrusion-based wood fibre-PP composites: wood powder and pelletized wood fibre – a comparative study. Composite Science and Technology 68: 3418-3424.
Ornaghi Jr., H.L.; Bolner, A.S.; Fiorio, R.; Zattera, A.J.; Amico, S.C. 2010. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid composites molded by resin transfer molding. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 118: 887-896.
Ou, R.; Xie, Y.; Wolcott, M.P.; Sui, S.; Wang, Q. 2014. Morphology, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of wood particle/high density polyethylene composites: effect of removal of wood cell wall composition. Materials and Design 58: 339-345.
Paul, S.A.; Sinturel, C.; Joseph, K.; Gem Mathew, G.D.; Pothan, L.A.; Sabu, T. 2010. Dynamic mechanical analysis of novel composites from commingled polypropylene fiber and banana fiber. Polymer Engineering and Science 50: 384-395.
Poletto, M.; Zeni, M.; Zattera, A.J. 2012. Effects of wood flour addition and coupling agent content on mechanical properties of recycled polystyrene/wood flour composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 25: 821-833.
Poletto, M.; Zattera, A.J.; Santana, R.M.C. 2014. Effect of natural oils on the stability and degradation kinetics of recycled polypropylene wood flour composites. Polymer Composites 10: 1935- 1942.
Punyamurthy, R.; Sampathkumar, D.; Ranganagowda, R.P.; Bennehalli, B.; Badyankal, P.; Venkateshappa, S.C. 2014. Surface modification of abaca fiber by benzene diazonium chloride treatment and its influence on tensile properties of abaca fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais 26: 142-149.
Spoljaric, S.; Genovese, A.; Shanks, R.A. 2009. Polypropylene-microcrystalline cellulose composites with enhanced compatibility and properties. Composites Part A 40: 791-799.
Sreekumar, P.A.; Thomas, P.S; Saiter, J.M.; Unnikrishnan, G.; Sabu, Ts. 2011. Viscoelastic and thermal properties of eco-friendly composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 30: 1509-1516.
Teuber, L.; Osburg, V.S.; Toporowski, W.; Militz, H.; Krause, A. 2016. Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilization. Journal of Cleaner Production 110: 9-15.
Tufan, M.; Akbaş, S.; Aslan, M. 2016. Decay resistance, thermal degradation, tensile and flexural properties of sisal carbon hybrid composites. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18: 509-606.
Turku, I.; Keskisaari, A.; Kärki, T.; Puurtinen, A.; Marttila, P. 2017. Characterization of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic blends. Composite Structures 161: 469-476.
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Published
2017-10-01
How to Cite
Poletto, M. (2017). Mechanical, dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of composites based on recycled polystyrene filled with wood flour wastes. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 19(4), 433–442. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/2978
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