Effect of nanoclay-treated uf resin on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood manufactured with wood from tropical fast growth plantations
Keywords:
Adhesive, Cordia alliodora, Gmelina arborea, veneer, Vochysia ferrugineaAbstract
Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated on cross-laminated panels (plywood) fabricated with three plantation species (Cordia alliodora, Gmelina arborea and Vochysia ferruginea) from tropical climates in Costa Rica. The panels were glued with urea-formaldehyde resin modified with nanoclay at four concentrations (0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 per cent) and unmodified resin. It was determined that addition of nanoclay to urea-formaldehyde adhesive positively decreased moisture absorption and swelling of the plywood panel with statistical significance. However, nano-modification did not have a significant effect on the density and specific weight of plywood. Nano-modification of urea-formaldehyde resin with nanoclay at 0.75 per cent improved the Module of rupture and Modulus of elasticity in flexure parallel to surface in the three species, also increasing mechanical resistance to strains in parallel tension, shear and compression. By means of electronic microscopy, it was evidenced that the nano-modified adhesive became diffused at the inside of the cellular structure of wood in a better way, allowing for the generation of a transition zone that increased the mechanical properties at the macro level. According to the properties evaluated, it was determined that 0.75 per cent is the optimal percentage to use of nanoclay on urea-formaldehyde resin.
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References
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Leichti, R.; Falk, R.; Laufenberg, T. 1990a. Prefabricated wood composite I-Beams: A literature review. Wood and Fiber Science 2(1): 62-79.
Leichti, R.; Falk, R.; Laufenberg, T. 1990b. Prefabricated wood I-Joists: An industry overview. Forest Products Journal 40(3): 15-20.
Lisperguer, J.; Rozas, C. 2005. Paneles unidos por canto y contralaminados fabricados con madera juvenil de Eucalyptus nitens. Bosque 26(3): 75-79.
Mansouri, H.; Pizzi, A.; Leban, J. 2006. Improved water resistance of UF adhesives for plywood by small pMDI additions. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64: 218–220
Moya, R.; Rodríguez, A.; Vega, J.; Álvarez, V. 2015a. Effects of adding nano-clay (montmorillonite) onperformance of polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in Carapa guianensis, a tropical species. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 59:62-70
Moya, R.; Rodriguez-Zuñiga; A.; Vega-Baudrit, J. 2015b. Effects of adding multiwall carbon-nanotubes (MWCNT) on performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in tropical timber species. Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2015, Article ID 895650
Pirayesh, H.; Khanjanzadeh, H.; Salari, A. 2013. Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard. Composites Part B: Engineering 45(1): 858-863.
Pique, T. M.; Pérez, C.; J., Alvarez, V. A.; Vázquez, A. 2013. Water soluble nanocomposite films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) and chemically modified montmorillonites. Journal of Composite Materials 48 (5): 545-553.
Pukánszky, B. 2005. Interfaces and interphases in multicomponent materials: past, present, future. European Polymer Journal 41(4): 645-662
Serrano, R.; Moya, R. 2011. Procesamiento, uso y mercado de la madera en Costa Rica: aspectos históricos y análisis crítico. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú 9(21): 12 p.
Schultz, J.; Lavielle, L.; Martin, C. 1987. The role of the interface in carbon fibre-epoxy composites. The Journal of Adhesion 23(1): 45-60
Shukla, SR.; Pascal, D. 2008. Properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made with low density hardwood species effect of the pressure duration. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 66: 119-127
Stoeckel, F.; Konnerth, J.; Gindl, W. 2013. Mechanical properties of adhesives for bonding wood—A review. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 45: 32-41
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Muñoz, F. 2011. A comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of LVL and plywood panels made of wood from fast growing Gmelina arborea trees. Journal of Wood Science 57(2): 134-139.
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Camacho, D. 2012. Propiedades físico-mecánicas de tableros terciados construidos con especies tropicales de plantaciones para uso estructural. CERNE-Lavras 18(2): 317-325
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Salas, C.; Berrocal, A. 2016. Evaluation of wood properties from six native species of forest plantations in Costa Rica. Revista Bosques 37(1): 71-84.
Vick, C. 1999. Adhesive bonding of wood materials. Chapter 9. In: Wood Handbook—Wood as an engineering material. USDA Forest Products Staff Eds. General Technical Report. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 1-24
Xian, D.; Semple, K. E.; Haghdan, S.; Smith, G. D. 2013. Properties and Wood Bonding Capacity of Nano-clay-Modified Urea and Melamine Formaldehyde Resins. Wood and Fiber Science 45(4): 383-395.
Zhao, L. F.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Z. D.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, S. B. 2011. State of research and trends in development of wood adhesives. Forestry Studies in China 13(4): 321-326.
Ashori, A.; Nourbakhsh, A. 2009. Effects of nanoclay as reinforcement filler on the physical and mechanical properties of wood-base composite. Journal of Composite Materials 43(18):1869-1875.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003a. D2395-02: Standard test methods for specific gravity of wood and wood-base materials. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 8 p.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003b. D4442-92: Standard test methods for direct moisture content measurement of wood and wood-base materials. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 6 p.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003c. D1037-99: Standard test methods for evaluating properties of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 31 p.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2003d. D3500-90: Standard test methods for structural panels in tension. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 6 p.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000e. D3501-94: Standard Test methods for wood-based structural panels in compression. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 6 p.
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000f. D3043-00: Standard test methods for structural panels in flexure. Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.10. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. 13 p.
Ates, E.; Uyanik, N.; Kizilcan, N. 2013. Preparation of urea formaldehyde resin/layered silicate nanocomposites. Pigment & Resin Technology 42(5): 283-287.
Bardak, T.; Naci, A.; Tankut, N.; Aydemir, D.; Sozen, E. 2017. The bending and tension strength of furniture joints bonded with polyvinyl acetate nanocomposites. Madera- Cienc Tecnol 19(1): 51-62.
Bayatkashkoli, A.; Faegh, M. 2014. Evaluation of mechanical properties of laminated strand lumber and oriented strand lumber made from Poplar wood (Populus deltoides) and Paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) with urea formaldehyde adhesive containing nanoclay. International Wood Products Journal 5(4): 192-195
Bodig, J.; Jayne, B. 1993. Mechanics of Wood and Fiber Composites. Krieger Publishing Company. Melbourne, Florida.
Cai, A.; Riedl, B.; Zhang, S.Y.; Wan, H. 2007. Effects of nanofillers on water resistance and dimensional stability of solid wood modified by melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. Wood and Fiber Science 39(2): 307-318.
Cihad, B.; Bektaș, I. 2014. Some mechanical properties of plywood produced from Eucalyptus, Beech, and Poplar veneer. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 16(1): 99-108.
Doosthoseini, K.; Zarea-Hosseinabadi, H. 2010. Using Na+MMT nanoclay as a secondary filler in plywood manufacturing. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 7(1-2): 58-64
Frihart, C.; Hunt, C. 2010. Adhesives with wood materials bond formation and performance. Chapter 10. In: Wood Handbook—Wood as an engineering material. Centennial edition. Robert J. Ross Editor. General Technical Report. FPL–GTR–190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 1-24.
Gao, W.; Li, J. 2012. Influence of uron resins on the performance of uf resins as adhesives for plywood. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 14(1): 3-12.
Gardner, D. 2006. Adhesion mechanisms of durable wood adhesive bonds. Chapter 19. In: Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall. Eds.; Douglas Stokke and Leslie Groom. Blackwell Publishing: Ames IOWA-USA: 254-265
Jacob, M.; Anandjiwala, R.; Thomas, S. 2008. Characterization of interfaces in composites using micro-mechanical techniques. Chapter 20. Part IV Vinyl polymer technology. In: Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical polymerization, Process and Technology. 2nd edition. Mumaya Mishra and Yusuf Yagci eds. 689-716
Kaboorani, A.; Riedl, B. 2011. Effect of adding nano-clay on performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as a wood adhesive. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42: 1031-1039
Kaboorani, A.; Riedl, B.; Blanchet, P.; Fellin, M.; Hosseinaei, O.; Wang, S. 2012. Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC): A renewable nano-material for polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive. European Polymer Journal 48: 1829–1837.
Kaboorani, A.; Riedl, B.; Blanchet, P. 2013. Ultrasonication technique: a method for dispersing nano-clay in wood adhesives. Journal of Nanomaterials 3: 1-9.
Lei, H.; Du, G.; Pizzi, A.; Celzard, A. 2008. Influence of nano-clay on urea‐formaldehyde resins for wood adhesives and its model. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 109(4): 2442-2451.
Lei, H.; Du, G.; Pizzi, A.; Celzard, A.; Fang, Q. 2010. Influence of Nanoclay on Phenol-Formaldehyde and Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Resins for Wood Adhesives. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 24(8-10): 1567-1576 DOI: 10.1163/016942410X500945
Leichti, R.; Falk, R.; Laufenberg, T. 1990a. Prefabricated wood composite I-Beams: A literature review. Wood and Fiber Science 2(1): 62-79.
Leichti, R.; Falk, R.; Laufenberg, T. 1990b. Prefabricated wood I-Joists: An industry overview. Forest Products Journal 40(3): 15-20.
Lisperguer, J.; Rozas, C. 2005. Paneles unidos por canto y contralaminados fabricados con madera juvenil de Eucalyptus nitens. Bosque 26(3): 75-79.
Mansouri, H.; Pizzi, A.; Leban, J. 2006. Improved water resistance of UF adhesives for plywood by small pMDI additions. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64: 218–220
Moya, R.; Rodríguez, A.; Vega, J.; Álvarez, V. 2015a. Effects of adding nano-clay (montmorillonite) onperformance of polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in Carapa guianensis, a tropical species. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 59:62-70
Moya, R.; Rodriguez-Zuñiga; A.; Vega-Baudrit, J. 2015b. Effects of adding multiwall carbon-nanotubes (MWCNT) on performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in tropical timber species. Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2015, Article ID 895650
Pirayesh, H.; Khanjanzadeh, H.; Salari, A. 2013. Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard. Composites Part B: Engineering 45(1): 858-863.
Pique, T. M.; Pérez, C.; J., Alvarez, V. A.; Vázquez, A. 2013. Water soluble nanocomposite films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) and chemically modified montmorillonites. Journal of Composite Materials 48 (5): 545-553.
Pukánszky, B. 2005. Interfaces and interphases in multicomponent materials: past, present, future. European Polymer Journal 41(4): 645-662
Serrano, R.; Moya, R. 2011. Procesamiento, uso y mercado de la madera en Costa Rica: aspectos históricos y análisis crítico. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú 9(21): 12 p.
Schultz, J.; Lavielle, L.; Martin, C. 1987. The role of the interface in carbon fibre-epoxy composites. The Journal of Adhesion 23(1): 45-60
Shukla, SR.; Pascal, D. 2008. Properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made with low density hardwood species effect of the pressure duration. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 66: 119-127
Stoeckel, F.; Konnerth, J.; Gindl, W. 2013. Mechanical properties of adhesives for bonding wood—A review. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 45: 32-41
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Muñoz, F. 2011. A comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of LVL and plywood panels made of wood from fast growing Gmelina arborea trees. Journal of Wood Science 57(2): 134-139.
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Camacho, D. 2012. Propiedades físico-mecánicas de tableros terciados construidos con especies tropicales de plantaciones para uso estructural. CERNE-Lavras 18(2): 317-325
Tenorio, C.; Moya, R.; Salas, C.; Berrocal, A. 2016. Evaluation of wood properties from six native species of forest plantations in Costa Rica. Revista Bosques 37(1): 71-84.
Vick, C. 1999. Adhesive bonding of wood materials. Chapter 9. In: Wood Handbook—Wood as an engineering material. USDA Forest Products Staff Eds. General Technical Report. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 1-24
Xian, D.; Semple, K. E.; Haghdan, S.; Smith, G. D. 2013. Properties and Wood Bonding Capacity of Nano-clay-Modified Urea and Melamine Formaldehyde Resins. Wood and Fiber Science 45(4): 383-395.
Zhao, L. F.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Z. D.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, S. B. 2011. State of research and trends in development of wood adhesives. Forestry Studies in China 13(4): 321-326.
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Published
2018-01-01
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Muñoz, F., & Moya, R. (2018). Effect of nanoclay-treated uf resin on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood manufactured with wood from tropical fast growth plantations. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 20(1), 11–24. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3006
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