Northeastern united states species treated with copper-based preservatives: Durability in mississippi stake tests
Keywords:
Decay, ground contact, preservative treatment, underutilized species, termitesAbstract
This paper reports on the ground-contact durability of lesser-used wood species of the northeastern United States after treatment with copper-based preservatives. Stakes (19 by 19 by 457 mm) cut from balsam-fir (Abies balsamea), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), eastern spruce (mixture of Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Picea rubens), red maple (Acer rubrum) or eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) were treated with one of four concentrations of chromated copper arsenate type C (CCA-C), copper citrate (CC), alkaline copper quat type C (ACQ-C) or copper azole type A (CBA-A) and placed into the ground at a test site in southern Mississippi. Similarly treated southern pine (Pinus spp.) stakes were included for comparison. The stakes were rated for decay and termite attack after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 and 12 years. Eastern white pine and incised eastern hemlock and balsam-fir had durability similar to southern pine when treated with CCA or the other copper-based preservatives. Eastern spruce was less durable than the other softwood species, apparently because of low preservative uptake. Red maple had the least durability at all retentions and for all preservatives. This study indicates that several northeastern softwoods can be adequately durable when pressure-treated with CCA-C or copper-based preservatives.
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References
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Anon. 2014. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2014. Species Summaries. http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ForestBusinesses/documents/WhitePineReport.pdf. Accessed February, 2016.
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AWPA. 2003a. Standard E7. Standard Method of Evaluating Wood Preservatives by Field Tests with Stakes. Book of Standards. American Wood Preservers’ Association. Selma, AL. 522p.
AWPA. 2003b. U1-03. Use Category System: User Specification For Treated Wood. Commodity Specification A, Sawn Products. Book of Standards. American Wood Preservers’ Association. Selma, AL. 522p.
AWPA. 2017a. U1-17. Use Category System: User Specification for Treated Wood. Commodity Specification D: Poles. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL. 624p.
AWPA. 2017b. Guidance Document A: Data Requirement Guidelines for Listing Wood Preservatives in the AWPA Standards. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL. 624p.
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Bahmani, M.; Schmidt, O.; Fromm, J.; Melcher, E. 2016. Influence of wood sample size and species on the leaching of chromium and copper using different lab tests. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol18(2):265-272.
Butcher, J.A.1979. Soft rot control in hardwoods treated with chromated copper arsenate preservatives. Part V: A reason for the variable performance of CCA treated hardwoods. Material und Organismen 14(3):215-234.
Cooper, P.; Morris, P. 2007. Challenges in treating Canadian species. Proc. 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Wood Preservation Association. Quebec City, Quebec. 28:9-20.
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Gjovik, L.R.; Schumann, D.R. 1992. Treatability of native softwood species of the northeastern United States. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-508. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 20 p.
Hermoso, E.; Vega, A. 2016. Effect of microwave treatment on the impregnability and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus globulus wood. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 18(1):55-64.
Lebow, S.T. 2010. Chapter 15. Wood Preservation. In: Wood Handbook- Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 508p.
Lebow, S.T.; Halverson, S.A. 2015. Performance of Northeastern United States wood species treated with copper based preservatives: 10 year above-ground decking evaluation. International Wood Products Journal 6(2):72-78.
Lebow, S.T.; Halverson, S.A.; Hatfield, C.A. 2005. Treatability of underutilized northeastern species with CCA and alternative wood preservatives. Research Note FPL-RN-0300. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 5 p.
Lebow, S.T.; Woodward, B.M.; Halverson, S.A., Arango, R.A. 2010a. Stake tests of Northeastern species treated with copper-based preservatives: Five-year results. Research Note FPL-RN-0314. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 17 p.
Lebow, S.; Hatfield, C.; Evans, J. 2010b. A comparison of the durability of two stake sizes in southern Mississippi. Proc., 105th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association, April 19-21, 2009, San Antonio, TX. 105:66-72.
Mankowski, M.; Lebow, S.; Kirker, G.; Gjovik, L. 2017. Long term durability of solid heartwood stakes treated with ACA or CCA. Proc., 113th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association, April 9-11, Las Vegas, NV. 109: 254-264.
Merrick, P.G.; Freeman, M.H.; Brient, J.M. 2008. Field Stake Performance of Parallel Strand Lumber Treated with Waterborne Copper Naphthenate. Doc. No. IRG/WP 08-40435. Inter. Res. Group on Wood Preservation, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 8p.
Morris, P. I.; Stirling, R.; Ingram, J. 2017. Ten-Year Performance of Stakes and Decking Treated with Copper Azole Type B and Alkaline Copper Quat Type D (Carbonate). Forest Products Journal 67(1):13-23
Richards, M.J.; Inwards, R.D. 1989. Treatability with CCA and initiation of field performance testing of refractory softwoods. Proc. 10th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Wood Preservation Association. Vancouver, B.C. 10:144-178.
Richards, M.J.; McNamara, W.S. 1997. The field performance of CCA-C treated sawn refractory softwoods from North America. lRG/WP/40085. Inter. Res. Group on Wood Preservation, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 26p.
Sinclair, S.A; Barnes, D.P. 1984. Spruce Budworms Handbook: Balsam Fir: Its Properties and Utilization. Handbook No. 629, United States Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 69p.
Smith, W.B. 1986. Treatability of several northeastern species with chromated copper arsenate wood preservative. Forest Prod J 36(7/8):63-69.
Smith, W.B.; Abdullah, N.; Herdman, D.; DeGroot, R.C. 1996. Preservative treatment of red maple. Forest Prod J 46(3):35-41.
Smith, W. B.; Miles, P. D.; Perry, C. H.; Pugh, S. A. 2009. Forest Resources of the United States, 2007. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-78.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 336 p.
Tripathi1, S.; Poonia, P.K. 2015. Treatability of Melia composita using vacuum pressure impregnation. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 17(2):373-384.
Woodward, B.M.; Hatfield, C.A.; Lebow, S.T. 2011. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests: 2011 progress report. Research Note FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.
Wullschleger, S.D.; Hanson, P.J.; Todd, D.E. 2001. Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as estimated by xylem sap flow techniques. Forest Ecol Manage 143:205-213.
Anon. 2014. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2014. Species Summaries. http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ForestBusinesses/documents/WhitePineReport.pdf. Accessed February, 2016.
Anon. 2015a. Stumpage Price Report. Summer 2015/#87. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Lands and Forests. Albany, NY. 2p. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/spr2015summer.pdf. Accessed December, 2015.
Anon. 2015b. Southern New England Stumpage Price Survey Results. Second Quarter-2105. University of Massachusetts Extension, Department of Environmental Conservation. 1p. http://masswoods.net/price-report/southern-new-england-stumpage-price-report-1994-present. Accessed December, 2015.
AWPA. 1997. Standard C2. Lumber, timbers, bridge ties and mine ties- treatment by pressure processes. Book of Standards. American Wood Preservers Association, Granbury, TX. 391p.
AWPA. 2003a. Standard E7. Standard Method of Evaluating Wood Preservatives by Field Tests with Stakes. Book of Standards. American Wood Preservers’ Association. Selma, AL. 522p.
AWPA. 2003b. U1-03. Use Category System: User Specification For Treated Wood. Commodity Specification A, Sawn Products. Book of Standards. American Wood Preservers’ Association. Selma, AL. 522p.
AWPA. 2017a. U1-17. Use Category System: User Specification for Treated Wood. Commodity Specification D: Poles. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL. 624p.
AWPA. 2017b. Guidance Document A: Data Requirement Guidelines for Listing Wood Preservatives in the AWPA Standards. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL. 624p.
Baumgras, J.E.; Sendak, P.E; Sonderman, D.L. 2000. Ring shake in eastern hemlock: frequency and relationship to tree attributes. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A.McManus, K.S.Shields and D.R.Souto), pp. 156–160. USDA General Technical Report 267. USDA Newtown Square, PA.
Bahmani, M.; Schmidt, O.; Fromm, J.; Melcher, E. 2016. Influence of wood sample size and species on the leaching of chromium and copper using different lab tests. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol18(2):265-272.
Butcher, J.A.1979. Soft rot control in hardwoods treated with chromated copper arsenate preservatives. Part V: A reason for the variable performance of CCA treated hardwoods. Material und Organismen 14(3):215-234.
Cooper, P.; Morris, P. 2007. Challenges in treating Canadian species. Proc. 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Wood Preservation Association. Quebec City, Quebec. 28:9-20.
Daniel, G.; Nilsson, T. 1987. Comparative studies on the distribution of lignin and CCA elements in birch using electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. lRG/WP/l328. Inter. Res. Group on Wood Preservation, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 19p.
Fei, S.; Steiner, K.C. 2007. Evidence for Increasing Red Maple Abundance in the Eastern United States. Forest Science 53(4):473-477.
Gjovik, L.R.; Schumann, D.R. 1992. Treatability of native softwood species of the northeastern United States. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-508. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 20 p.
Hermoso, E.; Vega, A. 2016. Effect of microwave treatment on the impregnability and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus globulus wood. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 18(1):55-64.
Lebow, S.T. 2010. Chapter 15. Wood Preservation. In: Wood Handbook- Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 508p.
Lebow, S.T.; Halverson, S.A. 2015. Performance of Northeastern United States wood species treated with copper based preservatives: 10 year above-ground decking evaluation. International Wood Products Journal 6(2):72-78.
Lebow, S.T.; Halverson, S.A.; Hatfield, C.A. 2005. Treatability of underutilized northeastern species with CCA and alternative wood preservatives. Research Note FPL-RN-0300. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 5 p.
Lebow, S.T.; Woodward, B.M.; Halverson, S.A., Arango, R.A. 2010a. Stake tests of Northeastern species treated with copper-based preservatives: Five-year results. Research Note FPL-RN-0314. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 17 p.
Lebow, S.; Hatfield, C.; Evans, J. 2010b. A comparison of the durability of two stake sizes in southern Mississippi. Proc., 105th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association, April 19-21, 2009, San Antonio, TX. 105:66-72.
Mankowski, M.; Lebow, S.; Kirker, G.; Gjovik, L. 2017. Long term durability of solid heartwood stakes treated with ACA or CCA. Proc., 113th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association, April 9-11, Las Vegas, NV. 109: 254-264.
Merrick, P.G.; Freeman, M.H.; Brient, J.M. 2008. Field Stake Performance of Parallel Strand Lumber Treated with Waterborne Copper Naphthenate. Doc. No. IRG/WP 08-40435. Inter. Res. Group on Wood Preservation, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 8p.
Morris, P. I.; Stirling, R.; Ingram, J. 2017. Ten-Year Performance of Stakes and Decking Treated with Copper Azole Type B and Alkaline Copper Quat Type D (Carbonate). Forest Products Journal 67(1):13-23
Richards, M.J.; Inwards, R.D. 1989. Treatability with CCA and initiation of field performance testing of refractory softwoods. Proc. 10th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Wood Preservation Association. Vancouver, B.C. 10:144-178.
Richards, M.J.; McNamara, W.S. 1997. The field performance of CCA-C treated sawn refractory softwoods from North America. lRG/WP/40085. Inter. Res. Group on Wood Preservation, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 26p.
Sinclair, S.A; Barnes, D.P. 1984. Spruce Budworms Handbook: Balsam Fir: Its Properties and Utilization. Handbook No. 629, United States Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 69p.
Smith, W.B. 1986. Treatability of several northeastern species with chromated copper arsenate wood preservative. Forest Prod J 36(7/8):63-69.
Smith, W.B.; Abdullah, N.; Herdman, D.; DeGroot, R.C. 1996. Preservative treatment of red maple. Forest Prod J 46(3):35-41.
Smith, W. B.; Miles, P. D.; Perry, C. H.; Pugh, S. A. 2009. Forest Resources of the United States, 2007. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-78.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 336 p.
Tripathi1, S.; Poonia, P.K. 2015. Treatability of Melia composita using vacuum pressure impregnation. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol 17(2):373-384.
Woodward, B.M.; Hatfield, C.A.; Lebow, S.T. 2011. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests: 2011 progress report. Research Note FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.
Wullschleger, S.D.; Hanson, P.J.; Todd, D.E. 2001. Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as estimated by xylem sap flow techniques. Forest Ecol Manage 143:205-213.
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Published
2018-07-01
How to Cite
T. Lebow, S., A. Arango, R., K. Lebow, P., T. Kirker, G., E. Mankowski, M., & A. Halverson, S. (2018). Northeastern united states species treated with copper-based preservatives: Durability in mississippi stake tests. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 20(3), 359–368. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3126
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