Efficacy of alternative copper-based preservatives in protecting decking from biodegradation
Keywords:
Above-ground, copper, decking, durability, wood preservativesAbstract
The above-ground performance of decking treated with two alternative copper-based preservative formulations is being evaluated at a test site near Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Southern pine sapwood lumber specimens (38 mm by 140 mm by 910 mm) were pressure treated with 0,93 %, 1,40 % or 2,34 % (oxide basis) actives concentrations of a boron-copper formulation (BC) composed of 7,2 % copper hydroxide and 92,8 % sodium tetraborate decahydrate. Similar specimens were pressure-treated with 0,66 % or 1,32 % actives concentrations of a copper-zinc formulation (CZDP) composed of 18 % copper (CuO basis), 12 % zinc (ZnO basis), 14 % dimethylcocoamine and 56 % propanoic acid. In both cases untreated specimens and specimens treated with a 1% concentration of chromated copper arsenate Type C (CCA-C) were included for comparison. The specimens were installed on racks approximately 760 mm above the ground and periodically evaluated for extent of fungal decay and surface microbial growth. After 18 years in test specimens treated with the lowest solution concentration of BC (0,93 %) suffered substantial degradation and all but three replicates have failed. Obvious decay has not yet been detected in specimens treated to the highest BC concentration (2,34 %), but decay is suspected in one of these specimens. Decking specimens treated with CZDP exhibited no evidence of decay until year 17 when a fruiting body was observed on one specimen treated with a 0,66 % solution concentration. There has been no evidence of decay in specimens treated with 1,32 % CZDP or in either set of specimens treated with 1 % CCA-C. Both BC and CZDP-treated specimens were at least as effective as 1 % CCA-C in minimizing noticeable surface microbial growth. These decking studies confirm that relatively low copper concentrations can provide substantial protection for decking exposed in a moderate climate, and that the CZDP formulation is potentially more effective than the BC formulation. However, caution is warranted in extrapolating these findings to more severe climates and to construction designs that are more likely to trap moisture.
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References
Ahmed, B.M. French, J.R.J.; Vinden, P. 2004. Evaluation of borate formulations as wood preservatives to control subterranean termites in Australia. Holzforschung 58(4): 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2004.068
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AWPA. 2019. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. 642p.
Bailey, D.S.; Smith, R.L.; Araman, P.A. 2004. An Analysis of the Physical Properties of Recovered CCA-Treated Wood from Residential Decks. Wood Fiber Sci 36(2): 278-288. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1489
Barnes, H.M.; Amburgey, T.L.; Sanders, M.G. 2004. Performance of zinc-based preservative systems in ground contact. Wood Des Focus 14: 13–17.
Bolin, C.A.; Smith, S. 2011. Life cycle assessment of ACQ-treated lumber with comparison to wood plastic composite decking. J Clean Prod 19 (6–7): 620-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.12.004
Butcher, J.A.; Preston, A.F.; Drysdale, J. 1977. Initial screening trials of some quaternary ammonium compounds and amine salts as wood preservatives. Forest Prod J 27(7): 19-22.
Carll, C.G. 2009. Decay hazard (Scheffer) index values calculated from 1971-2000 climate normal data. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-179. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. USA. 17 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/35056
Choi, S.M.; Ruddick, J.N.R.; Morris, P.I. 2002. The copper tolerance of mycelium vs spores for two brown rot fungi. In Proceedings, International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 02-10422: Stockholm, Sweden. 4 p.
Clausen C.A.; Coleman R.D.; Yang V.W. 2010. Fatty acid-based formulations for wood protection against mold and sapstain. Forest Prod J 60(3): 301–4. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37170
Clausen, C.A.; Yang, V.W. 2007. Multi-component biocide protects wood from fungi and insects in UC2 applications. In Proceedings, 103rd annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association. 103:31-35. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL, USA. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/32720
De Groot, R.C.; Stroukoff, M. 1988. Efficacy of alternative preservatives used in dip treatments for wood boxes. FPL-RP-481, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA. 21p. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/products/publications/specific_pub.php?posting_id=16256&header_id=p
Drysdale, J.A. 1994. Boron treatments for the preservation of wood—A review of efficacy data for fungi and termites. In Proceedings, International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 94-30037: Stockholm, Sweden. 21 p.
Freeman, M.H.; McIntyre, C.R. 2008. A Comprehensive Review of Copper Based Wood Preservatives with a Focus on New Micronized or Dispersed Copper Systems. Forest Prod J 58(11): 6-27.
Hansen, K. 2008. Molds and moldicide formulations for exterior paints and coatings. In Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives, Efficacy, Environmental and Health Issues. Chapter 11: 198–213. Schultz, T.P.; Militz, H.; Freeman, M.H.; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 982. American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch011
Kirker, G.; Winandy, J. 2014. Above Ground Deterioration of Wood and Wood-Based Materials. In Deterioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials. Chapter 6: 114-129. Schultz, T.P; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 1158. American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch006
Lebow, S.; Anthony, R.W. 2012. Guide for use of wood preservatives in historic structures. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-217. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 59 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42091
Lebow, S.; Halverson, S. 2008. Comparison of methods for evaluating ground-contact copper preservative depletion. In Proceedings of the 104th annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association. 104: 55-60. Portland, OR, USA. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL, USA. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33203
Lebow, S.T.; Hatfield, C.A.; Abbott, W. 2005a. Treatability of SPF framing lumber with CCA and borate preservatives. Wood Fiber Sci 37(4): 605-614. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/743
Lebow, S.T.; Ross, R.J.; Zelinka, S.L. 2014. Evaluation of Wood Species and Preservatives for Use in Wisconsin Highway Sign Posts. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-231. 51 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46200
Lebow, S.T.; Shupe, T.; Woodward, B.; Via, B.; Hatfield, C.A. 2006. Formosan and native subterranean termite attack of pressure treated SPF wood species in Louisiana. Wood Fiber Sci 38(4): 609-620. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1330
Lebow, S.; Woodward, B.; Crawford, D.; Abbott, W. 2005b. Resistance of borax–copper treated wood in aboveground exposure to attack by Formosan subterranean termites. Res. Note FPL-RN-0295. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 4 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20962
Lebow, S.T.; Lebow, P.K. 2018. Internal moisture content and temperature of standardized aboveground wood durability test specimens. Res. Paper FPL-RP-694. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 16 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/56748
Lebow, S.T., Lebow, P.K., Woodward, B.M., Halverson, S.A.; Abbott, W.; West, M.M. 2009. Efficacy of a borax-copper preservative in exposed applications. Res. Paper FPL-RP-655. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 11 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33881
Lebow, S.; Woodward, B.; Halverson, S.; West, M. 2012. Field tests of the efficacy of zinc and fatty amine in preventing colonization by copper-tolerant fungi. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 70: 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.02.003
Manning, M.J. 2008. Borate wood preservatives: the current landscape. In Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives, Efficacy, Environmental and Health Issues. Chapter 26: 440-457. Schultz, T.P.; Militz, H.; Freeman, M.H.; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 982. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC, USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch026
Mitsuhashi, J.; Love, C.S.; Freitag, C.; Morrell, J.J. 2007. Migration of boron from Douglas-fir lumber subjected to simulated rainfall. Forest Prod J 57(12): 52-57.
Ohno, K.M.; Clausen, C.A.; Green, III, F.; Diehl, S.V. 2015. Insights into the mechanism of copper-tolerance in Fibroporia radiculosa: The biosynthesis of oxalate. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 105: 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.08.016
Ohno, K.M.; Clausen, C.A.; Green III, F.; Stanosz, G. 2016. The copper-transporting ATPase pump and its potential role in copper-tolerance. In Proceedings the International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 16-10859. Stockholm, Sweden. 15p.
Preston, A.F. 1983. Dialkylmethylammonium halides as wood preservatives. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60(3): 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679788
Rak, J.; Unligil, H. 1978. Fungicidal Efficacy of Ammoniacal Copper and Zinc Arsenic Preservatives Tested by Soil-Block Cultures. Wood Fiber Sci 9(4): 270-275. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2063
Sheaffer, C.C.; N.A., Clark. 1975. Effects of organic preservatives on the quality of aerobically stored high moisture baled hay. Agron J 67(5): 660-662. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1975.00021962006700050019x
Suhr, K.I.; P.V. Nielsen. 2004. Effect of weak acid preservatives on growth of bakery product spoilage fungi at different water activities and pH values. Int J Food Microbiology 95: 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.02.004
Taylor, A.; Lloyd, J. 2009. Phytosanitation of railway crossties with a hot borate solution immersion treatment. Forest Prod J 59(4): 76-78.
West, H.M. 2004. Metal Salt-Fatty Amine Complex Wood Protection. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, USA. 6746523B1, June 8, 2004. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6746523B1/en
Williams, D.A.; Looney, J.R.; Sullivan, D.S.; Bourland, B.J., Haselgrave, J.H.; Clewlon, P.J., Carruthers, N.; O’Brien, T.M. 1994. Amine Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, USA 5322630A., June 21, 1994. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5322630A/en
Woodward, B.; Abbott, W.; West, M. 2002. Retreatment of spent creosote-treated wood with copper hydroxide and sodium tetraborate. In Proceedings of the American Wood Preservers Association. 98: 58–61. Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Alderman, D.; Smith, R.; Araman, P.A. 2003. A profile of CCA-treated lumber removed from service in the southeastern United States decking market. Forest Prod J 53(1): 38-45. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/5375
AWPA. 2019. Book of Standards. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. 642p.
Bailey, D.S.; Smith, R.L.; Araman, P.A. 2004. An Analysis of the Physical Properties of Recovered CCA-Treated Wood from Residential Decks. Wood Fiber Sci 36(2): 278-288. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1489
Barnes, H.M.; Amburgey, T.L.; Sanders, M.G. 2004. Performance of zinc-based preservative systems in ground contact. Wood Des Focus 14: 13–17.
Bolin, C.A.; Smith, S. 2011. Life cycle assessment of ACQ-treated lumber with comparison to wood plastic composite decking. J Clean Prod 19 (6–7): 620-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.12.004
Butcher, J.A.; Preston, A.F.; Drysdale, J. 1977. Initial screening trials of some quaternary ammonium compounds and amine salts as wood preservatives. Forest Prod J 27(7): 19-22.
Carll, C.G. 2009. Decay hazard (Scheffer) index values calculated from 1971-2000 climate normal data. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-179. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. USA. 17 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/35056
Choi, S.M.; Ruddick, J.N.R.; Morris, P.I. 2002. The copper tolerance of mycelium vs spores for two brown rot fungi. In Proceedings, International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 02-10422: Stockholm, Sweden. 4 p.
Clausen C.A.; Coleman R.D.; Yang V.W. 2010. Fatty acid-based formulations for wood protection against mold and sapstain. Forest Prod J 60(3): 301–4. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37170
Clausen, C.A.; Yang, V.W. 2007. Multi-component biocide protects wood from fungi and insects in UC2 applications. In Proceedings, 103rd annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association. 103:31-35. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL, USA. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/32720
De Groot, R.C.; Stroukoff, M. 1988. Efficacy of alternative preservatives used in dip treatments for wood boxes. FPL-RP-481, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA. 21p. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/products/publications/specific_pub.php?posting_id=16256&header_id=p
Drysdale, J.A. 1994. Boron treatments for the preservation of wood—A review of efficacy data for fungi and termites. In Proceedings, International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 94-30037: Stockholm, Sweden. 21 p.
Freeman, M.H.; McIntyre, C.R. 2008. A Comprehensive Review of Copper Based Wood Preservatives with a Focus on New Micronized or Dispersed Copper Systems. Forest Prod J 58(11): 6-27.
Hansen, K. 2008. Molds and moldicide formulations for exterior paints and coatings. In Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives, Efficacy, Environmental and Health Issues. Chapter 11: 198–213. Schultz, T.P.; Militz, H.; Freeman, M.H.; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 982. American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch011
Kirker, G.; Winandy, J. 2014. Above Ground Deterioration of Wood and Wood-Based Materials. In Deterioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials. Chapter 6: 114-129. Schultz, T.P; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 1158. American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch006
Lebow, S.; Anthony, R.W. 2012. Guide for use of wood preservatives in historic structures. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-217. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 59 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42091
Lebow, S.; Halverson, S. 2008. Comparison of methods for evaluating ground-contact copper preservative depletion. In Proceedings of the 104th annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association. 104: 55-60. Portland, OR, USA. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL, USA. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33203
Lebow, S.T.; Hatfield, C.A.; Abbott, W. 2005a. Treatability of SPF framing lumber with CCA and borate preservatives. Wood Fiber Sci 37(4): 605-614. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/743
Lebow, S.T.; Ross, R.J.; Zelinka, S.L. 2014. Evaluation of Wood Species and Preservatives for Use in Wisconsin Highway Sign Posts. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-231. 51 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46200
Lebow, S.T.; Shupe, T.; Woodward, B.; Via, B.; Hatfield, C.A. 2006. Formosan and native subterranean termite attack of pressure treated SPF wood species in Louisiana. Wood Fiber Sci 38(4): 609-620. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1330
Lebow, S.; Woodward, B.; Crawford, D.; Abbott, W. 2005b. Resistance of borax–copper treated wood in aboveground exposure to attack by Formosan subterranean termites. Res. Note FPL-RN-0295. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 4 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20962
Lebow, S.T.; Lebow, P.K. 2018. Internal moisture content and temperature of standardized aboveground wood durability test specimens. Res. Paper FPL-RP-694. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 16 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/56748
Lebow, S.T., Lebow, P.K., Woodward, B.M., Halverson, S.A.; Abbott, W.; West, M.M. 2009. Efficacy of a borax-copper preservative in exposed applications. Res. Paper FPL-RP-655. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI, USA. 11 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33881
Lebow, S.; Woodward, B.; Halverson, S.; West, M. 2012. Field tests of the efficacy of zinc and fatty amine in preventing colonization by copper-tolerant fungi. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 70: 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.02.003
Manning, M.J. 2008. Borate wood preservatives: the current landscape. In Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives, Efficacy, Environmental and Health Issues. Chapter 26: 440-457. Schultz, T.P.; Militz, H.; Freeman, M.H.; Goodell, B.; Nicholas, D.D. (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series 982. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC, USA. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch026
Mitsuhashi, J.; Love, C.S.; Freitag, C.; Morrell, J.J. 2007. Migration of boron from Douglas-fir lumber subjected to simulated rainfall. Forest Prod J 57(12): 52-57.
Ohno, K.M.; Clausen, C.A.; Green, III, F.; Diehl, S.V. 2015. Insights into the mechanism of copper-tolerance in Fibroporia radiculosa: The biosynthesis of oxalate. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 105: 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.08.016
Ohno, K.M.; Clausen, C.A.; Green III, F.; Stanosz, G. 2016. The copper-transporting ATPase pump and its potential role in copper-tolerance. In Proceedings the International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 16-10859. Stockholm, Sweden. 15p.
Preston, A.F. 1983. Dialkylmethylammonium halides as wood preservatives. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60(3): 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679788
Rak, J.; Unligil, H. 1978. Fungicidal Efficacy of Ammoniacal Copper and Zinc Arsenic Preservatives Tested by Soil-Block Cultures. Wood Fiber Sci 9(4): 270-275. https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2063
Sheaffer, C.C.; N.A., Clark. 1975. Effects of organic preservatives on the quality of aerobically stored high moisture baled hay. Agron J 67(5): 660-662. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1975.00021962006700050019x
Suhr, K.I.; P.V. Nielsen. 2004. Effect of weak acid preservatives on growth of bakery product spoilage fungi at different water activities and pH values. Int J Food Microbiology 95: 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.02.004
Taylor, A.; Lloyd, J. 2009. Phytosanitation of railway crossties with a hot borate solution immersion treatment. Forest Prod J 59(4): 76-78.
West, H.M. 2004. Metal Salt-Fatty Amine Complex Wood Protection. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, USA. 6746523B1, June 8, 2004. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6746523B1/en
Williams, D.A.; Looney, J.R.; Sullivan, D.S.; Bourland, B.J., Haselgrave, J.H.; Clewlon, P.J., Carruthers, N.; O’Brien, T.M. 1994. Amine Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, USA 5322630A., June 21, 1994. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5322630A/en
Woodward, B.; Abbott, W.; West, M. 2002. Retreatment of spent creosote-treated wood with copper hydroxide and sodium tetraborate. In Proceedings of the American Wood Preservers Association. 98: 58–61. Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Published
2020-07-01
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T. Lebow, S., M. Ohno, K., K. Lebow, P., & H. West, M. (2020). Efficacy of alternative copper-based preservatives in protecting decking from biodegradation. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 22(3), 259–268. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/4017
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