Durability of wood treated with aatmos and caffeine – towards the long-term carbon storage
Keywords:
Aminosilanes, carbon capture, carbon sequestration, organosilicon compounds, wood durability, wood treatmentAbstract
Increasing emission of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, and reduced capacity of carbon sequestration due to excessive deforestation are the dominant reasons for the observed climate warming. Wood and wood products are inherent parts of the overall carbon “jigsaw puzzle”. Wood products require much lower process energy and result in lower carbon emission than non-wood products. Therefore, the prolonging lifespan of wood products seems to be a good economical and environmentally friendly solution.
The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of wood treatment with aminosilane, caffeine and the mixture thereof to enhance its durability. Thereby, their potential impact on the environment was intended to be checked by allowing for carbon storage in treated wood for a longer period of time. Pine wood samples were vacuum-treated with three formulations: aminosilane, alkaloid and the mixture thereof. Resistance of wood against brown-rot fungus was assessed. Carbon content and carbon emission from wood samples were determined.
The best results in wood protection against biodegradation and the highest carbon sequestration effectiveness were achieved for the two-component mixture. Interactions between these chemicals and wood prevented their leachability. This resulted in increased durability of the treated wood samples, sequestering carbon for a longer period of time and limiting its emission from wood to the atmosphere while exposed outside.
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References
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ASTLEY, R.J.; STOL, K.A.; HARRINGTON, J.J.1998. Modelling the elastic properties of wood. Part 2: The cellular microstructure. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff 56 (1): 43-50.
AVERY, M.L.; WERNER, S.J.; CUMMINGS, J.L.; HUMPHREY, J.S.; MILLESON, M.P.; CARLSON, J.C.; GOODAL, M.J. 2005. Caffeine for reducing bird damage to newly seeded rice. Crop Protection 24 (7): 651-657.
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BJURMAN, J. 1996. The resistance of wood coated with different waterborne paints against colonization by decay fungi. Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection: 96-10165.
BUCHANAN, A.H.; LEVINE, S.B. 1999. Wood-based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions. Environmental Science & Policy 2 (6): 427-437.
CANADELL, J.G.; RAUPACH, M.R. 2008. Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320 (5882): 1456-1457.
CANADELL, J.G.; SCHULZE, E.D. 2014. Global potential of biospheric carbon management for climate mitigation. Nature Communications: 5, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6282.
COX, P.M.; BETTS, R.A.; JONES, C.D.; SPALL, S.A.; TOTTERDELL, I.J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 (6809): 184-187.
DIYAROVA, D.K. 2016. The Role Of Wood-Decaying Fungi In The Carbon Cycle Of Forest Ecosystems And The Main Ecological Factors. European Scientific Journal, July 2016 (Special Edition): 162-166.
DONATH, S.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2004. Wood modification with alkoxysilanes. Wood Science and Technology 38: 555-566.
DONATH, S.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2006. Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi. Holzforschung 60: 210-216.
EN 113. 1997. Wood Preservatives. Determination of the toxic values against wood destroying Basidiomycetes cultured on an agar medium. British Standards Institution. BS EN 113:1997.
EN 350. 2016. Durability of wood and wood-based products. Natural durability of solid wood. Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe. Durability of wood and wood-based products. BS EN 350:2016.
EN 84. 1997. Wood Preservatives. Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing. Leaching procedure. British Standards Institution. BS EN 84:1987.
FRIEDMAN, M. 2007. Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 51 (1): 116-134.
GHOSH, S.C.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2009. The efficacy of commercial silicones against blue stain and mould fungi in wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 67: 159-167.
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GUSTAVSSON, L.; SATHRE, R. 2006. Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and concrete building materials. Building and Environment 41 (7): 940-951.
HIETALA, A.M.; DÖRSCH, P.; KVAALEN, H.; SOLHEIM, H. 2015. Carbon dioxide and methane formation in Norway spruce stems infected by white-rot fungi. Forests 6 (9): 3304-3325.
HILL, C.A.S.; FARAHANI, M.R.M.; HALE, M.D.C. 2004. The use of organo alkoxysilane coupling agents for wood preservation. Holzforschung 58: 316-325.
HOMAN, W.J.; JORISSEN, A.J.M. 2004. Wood modification developments. Heron 49 (4): 361-386.
HRONCOVÁ, E.; LADOMERSKÝ, J.; ADAM, C. 2013. The use of wood from degraded land for carbon sequestration. Drewno 56 (190): 51-62.
IPCC, Climate Change. 2013. The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers, Observed Changes in the Climate System, p. 15, in IPCC AR5 WG1 2013.
MACEDO, D.R. 1985. Durability of exterior natural wood finishes in Brazil. In Proceedings of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation Meeting, Guaruja, Brazil: 12-17.
MAI, C.; MILITZ, H. 2004a. Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Inorganic silicon compounds and sol-gel systems: a review. Wood Science and Technology 37 (5): 339-348.
MAI, C.; MILITZ, H. 2004b. Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems based on organic silicon compounds - a review. Wood Science and Technology 37 (6): 453-461.
MAJHENIČ, L.; ŠKERGET, M.; KNEZ, Ž. 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of guarana seed extracts. Food Chemistry 104 (3): 1258-1268.
MAZELA, B.; PERDOCH, W. 2012. Stabilization of IPBC in wood through the use of organosilicon compounds. The International Research Group on Wood Protection.
MCKECHNIE, J.; COLOMBO, S.; CHEN, J.; MABEE, W.; MACLEAN, H.L. 2010. Forest bioenergy or forest carbon? Assessing trade-offs in greenhouse gas mitigation with wood-based fuels. Environmental Science & Technology 45 (2): 789-795.
MILLAR, C.I.; STEPHENSON, N.L.; STEPHENS, S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological applications 17 (8): 2145-2151.
MOHAMMED, M.; AL-BAYATI, F. 2009. Isolation, identification and purification of caffeine from Coffea arabica L. and Camellia sinensis L.: A combination antibacterial study. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 3 (1), 52.
MÜLLER, M.; GELLERICH, A.; MILITZ, H.; KRAUSE, A. 2013. Resistance of modified polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites to basidiomycetes. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 71 (2): 199-204.
NUNERY, J.S.; KEETON, W.S. 2010. Forest carbon storage in the northeastern United States: net effects of harvesting frequency, post-harvest retention, and wood products. Forest Ecology and Management 259 (8): 1363-1375.
PANOV, D.; TERZIEV, N. 2009. Study on some alkoxysilanes used for hydrophobation and protection of wood against decay. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 63 (4): 456-461.
PANOV, D.; TERZIEV, N. 2015. Durability of Epoxi-Oil Modified and Alkoxysilane Treated Wood in Field Testing. BioResources 10 (2): 2479-2491.
PEREZ-GARCIA, J.; LIPPKE, B.; COMNICK, J.; MANRIQUEZ, C. 2007. An assessment of carbon pools, storage, and wood products market substitution using life-cycle analysis results. Wood and Fiber Science 37: 140-148.
PETERSEN, A.K.; SOLBERG, B. 2005. Environmental and economic impacts of substitution between wood products and alternative materials: a review of micro-level analyses from Norway and Sweden. Forest Policy and Economics 7 (3): 249-259.
PUHLICK, J.J.; WEISKITTEL A.R.; FERNANDEZ I.J.; FRAVER, S.; KENEFIC, L.S.; SEYMOUR, R.S.; BRISSETTE J.C. 2016. Long-term influence of alternative forest management treatments on total ecosystem and wood product carbon storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46 (11): 1404-1412.
RAKOTONIRAINY, M.S.; DUPONT, A.L.; LAVÉDRINE, B.; IPERT, S.; CHERADAME, H. 2008. Mass deacidification of papers and books: V. Fungistatic properties of papers treated with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (1): 54-59.
RAMAGE, M.H.; BURRIDGE, H.; BUSSE-WICHER, M.; FEREDAY, G.; REYNOLDS, T.; SHAH, D.U.; ALLWOOD, J. 2017. The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68: 333-359.
RATAJCZAK, I.; WOŹNIAK, M.; KWAŚNIEWSKA-SIP-Sip, P.; SZENTNER, K.; COFTA, G.; MAZELA, B. 2017. Chemical characterization of wood treated with a formulation based on propolis, caffeine and organosilanes. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 76(2): 775-781., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1257-9.
RAUT, J.S.; CHAUHAN, N.M.; SHINDE, R.B.; KARUPPYIL, S.M. 2013. Inhibition of planktonic and biofilm growth of Candida albicans reveals novel antifungal activity of caffeine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7 (13): 777-782.
REINPRECHT, L.; GRZNÁRIK, T. 2015. Biological durability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood modified with selected organo-silanes. Wood Research 60 (5): 687-696.
ROWELL, R.M. 2012. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC Press.
ROXBURGH, S.H.; WOOD, S.W.; MACKEY, B.G.; WOLDENDORP, G.; GIBBONS, P. 2006. Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of managed forests: a case study from temperate Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (6): 1149-1159.
SCHARAI-RAD, M.; WELLING, J. 2002. Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2002.
SEBE, G.; BROOK, M.A. 2001. Hydrophobization of wood surfaces. Covalent grafting of silicone polymers. Wood Science and Technology 35: 269-282.
SIUDEK, P.; FRANKOWSKI, M.; SIEPAK, J. 2015. Seasonal variations of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation over urban and forest sites in central Poland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22 (14): 11087-11096.
SKOG, K.E. 1993. Projected wood energy impact on US forest wood resources. In Proceedings of 1st. Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment,
Agriculture, and Industry, Burlington, VT, Golden, CO, US (Vol. 1, pp. 18-32).
SPITTLEHOUSE, D.L.; STEWART, R.B. 2004. Adaptation to climate change in forest management. Journal of Ecosystems and Management 4 (1): 1-11.
SRIMALANON, P.; YAMSAENGSUNG, W.; KOSITCHAIYONG, A.; WIMOLMALA, E.; ISARANGKURA, K.; SOMBATSOMPOP, N. 2014. Effects of UV-accelerated weathering and natural weathering conditions on anti-fungal efficacy of wood/PVC composites doped with propylene glycol-based HPQM. eXPRESS Polymer Letters 8: 74-84.
TINGAUT, P. ; WIEGENAND, O. ; MAI, C. ; MILITZ, H. ; SEBE, G. 2006. Chemical reaction of alkoxysilane molecules in wood modified with silanol groups. Holzforschung 60: 271-277.
WEIGENAND, O.; HUMAR, M.; DANIEL, G.; MAI C. 2008. Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds. Holzforschung 62 (1): 112-118.
Wilcox, W.W.; Botsai, E.E.; Kubler, H. 1991. Wood as a building material: a guide for designers and builders. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1991.
ASTLEY, R.J.; STOL, K.A.; HARRINGTON, J.J.1998. Modelling the elastic properties of wood. Part 2: The cellular microstructure. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff 56 (1): 43-50.
AVERY, M.L.; WERNER, S.J.; CUMMINGS, J.L.; HUMPHREY, J.S.; MILLESON, M.P.; CARLSON, J.C.; GOODAL, M.J. 2005. Caffeine for reducing bird damage to newly seeded rice. Crop Protection 24 (7): 651-657.
BJURMAN, J. 1992. The protective effect of 23 paint systems on wood against attack by decay fungi. Holz als Roh- und. Werkstoff 50 (5): 201-206.
BJURMAN, J. 1996. The resistance of wood coated with different waterborne paints against colonization by decay fungi. Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection: 96-10165.
BUCHANAN, A.H.; LEVINE, S.B. 1999. Wood-based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions. Environmental Science & Policy 2 (6): 427-437.
CANADELL, J.G.; RAUPACH, M.R. 2008. Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320 (5882): 1456-1457.
CANADELL, J.G.; SCHULZE, E.D. 2014. Global potential of biospheric carbon management for climate mitigation. Nature Communications: 5, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6282.
COX, P.M.; BETTS, R.A.; JONES, C.D.; SPALL, S.A.; TOTTERDELL, I.J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 (6809): 184-187.
DIYAROVA, D.K. 2016. The Role Of Wood-Decaying Fungi In The Carbon Cycle Of Forest Ecosystems And The Main Ecological Factors. European Scientific Journal, July 2016 (Special Edition): 162-166.
DONATH, S.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2004. Wood modification with alkoxysilanes. Wood Science and Technology 38: 555-566.
DONATH, S.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2006. Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi. Holzforschung 60: 210-216.
EN 113. 1997. Wood Preservatives. Determination of the toxic values against wood destroying Basidiomycetes cultured on an agar medium. British Standards Institution. BS EN 113:1997.
EN 350. 2016. Durability of wood and wood-based products. Natural durability of solid wood. Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe. Durability of wood and wood-based products. BS EN 350:2016.
EN 84. 1997. Wood Preservatives. Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing. Leaching procedure. British Standards Institution. BS EN 84:1987.
FRIEDMAN, M. 2007. Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 51 (1): 116-134.
GHOSH, S.C.; MILITZ, H.; MAI, C. 2009. The efficacy of commercial silicones against blue stain and mould fungi in wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 67: 159-167.
GUSTAVSSON, L.; BÖRJESSON, P.; JOHANSSON, B.; SVENNINGSSON, P. 1995. Reducing CO2 emissions by substituting biomass for fossil fuels. Energy 20 (11): 1097-1113.
GUSTAVSSON, L.; SATHRE, R. 2006. Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and concrete building materials. Building and Environment 41 (7): 940-951.
HIETALA, A.M.; DÖRSCH, P.; KVAALEN, H.; SOLHEIM, H. 2015. Carbon dioxide and methane formation in Norway spruce stems infected by white-rot fungi. Forests 6 (9): 3304-3325.
HILL, C.A.S.; FARAHANI, M.R.M.; HALE, M.D.C. 2004. The use of organo alkoxysilane coupling agents for wood preservation. Holzforschung 58: 316-325.
HOMAN, W.J.; JORISSEN, A.J.M. 2004. Wood modification developments. Heron 49 (4): 361-386.
HRONCOVÁ, E.; LADOMERSKÝ, J.; ADAM, C. 2013. The use of wood from degraded land for carbon sequestration. Drewno 56 (190): 51-62.
IPCC, Climate Change. 2013. The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers, Observed Changes in the Climate System, p. 15, in IPCC AR5 WG1 2013.
MACEDO, D.R. 1985. Durability of exterior natural wood finishes in Brazil. In Proceedings of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation Meeting, Guaruja, Brazil: 12-17.
MAI, C.; MILITZ, H. 2004a. Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Inorganic silicon compounds and sol-gel systems: a review. Wood Science and Technology 37 (5): 339-348.
MAI, C.; MILITZ, H. 2004b. Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems based on organic silicon compounds - a review. Wood Science and Technology 37 (6): 453-461.
MAJHENIČ, L.; ŠKERGET, M.; KNEZ, Ž. 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of guarana seed extracts. Food Chemistry 104 (3): 1258-1268.
MAZELA, B.; PERDOCH, W. 2012. Stabilization of IPBC in wood through the use of organosilicon compounds. The International Research Group on Wood Protection.
MCKECHNIE, J.; COLOMBO, S.; CHEN, J.; MABEE, W.; MACLEAN, H.L. 2010. Forest bioenergy or forest carbon? Assessing trade-offs in greenhouse gas mitigation with wood-based fuels. Environmental Science & Technology 45 (2): 789-795.
MILLAR, C.I.; STEPHENSON, N.L.; STEPHENS, S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological applications 17 (8): 2145-2151.
MOHAMMED, M.; AL-BAYATI, F. 2009. Isolation, identification and purification of caffeine from Coffea arabica L. and Camellia sinensis L.: A combination antibacterial study. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 3 (1), 52.
MÜLLER, M.; GELLERICH, A.; MILITZ, H.; KRAUSE, A. 2013. Resistance of modified polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites to basidiomycetes. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 71 (2): 199-204.
NUNERY, J.S.; KEETON, W.S. 2010. Forest carbon storage in the northeastern United States: net effects of harvesting frequency, post-harvest retention, and wood products. Forest Ecology and Management 259 (8): 1363-1375.
PANOV, D.; TERZIEV, N. 2009. Study on some alkoxysilanes used for hydrophobation and protection of wood against decay. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 63 (4): 456-461.
PANOV, D.; TERZIEV, N. 2015. Durability of Epoxi-Oil Modified and Alkoxysilane Treated Wood in Field Testing. BioResources 10 (2): 2479-2491.
PEREZ-GARCIA, J.; LIPPKE, B.; COMNICK, J.; MANRIQUEZ, C. 2007. An assessment of carbon pools, storage, and wood products market substitution using life-cycle analysis results. Wood and Fiber Science 37: 140-148.
PETERSEN, A.K.; SOLBERG, B. 2005. Environmental and economic impacts of substitution between wood products and alternative materials: a review of micro-level analyses from Norway and Sweden. Forest Policy and Economics 7 (3): 249-259.
PUHLICK, J.J.; WEISKITTEL A.R.; FERNANDEZ I.J.; FRAVER, S.; KENEFIC, L.S.; SEYMOUR, R.S.; BRISSETTE J.C. 2016. Long-term influence of alternative forest management treatments on total ecosystem and wood product carbon storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46 (11): 1404-1412.
RAKOTONIRAINY, M.S.; DUPONT, A.L.; LAVÉDRINE, B.; IPERT, S.; CHERADAME, H. 2008. Mass deacidification of papers and books: V. Fungistatic properties of papers treated with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (1): 54-59.
RAMAGE, M.H.; BURRIDGE, H.; BUSSE-WICHER, M.; FEREDAY, G.; REYNOLDS, T.; SHAH, D.U.; ALLWOOD, J. 2017. The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68: 333-359.
RATAJCZAK, I.; WOŹNIAK, M.; KWAŚNIEWSKA-SIP-Sip, P.; SZENTNER, K.; COFTA, G.; MAZELA, B. 2017. Chemical characterization of wood treated with a formulation based on propolis, caffeine and organosilanes. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 76(2): 775-781., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1257-9.
RAUT, J.S.; CHAUHAN, N.M.; SHINDE, R.B.; KARUPPYIL, S.M. 2013. Inhibition of planktonic and biofilm growth of Candida albicans reveals novel antifungal activity of caffeine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7 (13): 777-782.
REINPRECHT, L.; GRZNÁRIK, T. 2015. Biological durability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood modified with selected organo-silanes. Wood Research 60 (5): 687-696.
ROWELL, R.M. 2012. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC Press.
ROXBURGH, S.H.; WOOD, S.W.; MACKEY, B.G.; WOLDENDORP, G.; GIBBONS, P. 2006. Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of managed forests: a case study from temperate Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (6): 1149-1159.
SCHARAI-RAD, M.; WELLING, J. 2002. Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2002.
SEBE, G.; BROOK, M.A. 2001. Hydrophobization of wood surfaces. Covalent grafting of silicone polymers. Wood Science and Technology 35: 269-282.
SIUDEK, P.; FRANKOWSKI, M.; SIEPAK, J. 2015. Seasonal variations of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation over urban and forest sites in central Poland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22 (14): 11087-11096.
SKOG, K.E. 1993. Projected wood energy impact on US forest wood resources. In Proceedings of 1st. Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment,
Agriculture, and Industry, Burlington, VT, Golden, CO, US (Vol. 1, pp. 18-32).
SPITTLEHOUSE, D.L.; STEWART, R.B. 2004. Adaptation to climate change in forest management. Journal of Ecosystems and Management 4 (1): 1-11.
SRIMALANON, P.; YAMSAENGSUNG, W.; KOSITCHAIYONG, A.; WIMOLMALA, E.; ISARANGKURA, K.; SOMBATSOMPOP, N. 2014. Effects of UV-accelerated weathering and natural weathering conditions on anti-fungal efficacy of wood/PVC composites doped with propylene glycol-based HPQM. eXPRESS Polymer Letters 8: 74-84.
TINGAUT, P. ; WIEGENAND, O. ; MAI, C. ; MILITZ, H. ; SEBE, G. 2006. Chemical reaction of alkoxysilane molecules in wood modified with silanol groups. Holzforschung 60: 271-277.
WEIGENAND, O.; HUMAR, M.; DANIEL, G.; MAI C. 2008. Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds. Holzforschung 62 (1): 112-118.
Wilcox, W.W.; Botsai, E.E.; Kubler, H. 1991. Wood as a building material: a guide for designers and builders. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1991.
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2018-07-01
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Broda, M., Mazela, B., & Frankowski, M. (2018). Durability of wood treated with aatmos and caffeine – towards the long-term carbon storage. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 20(3), 455–468. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3152
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