Evaluation of degradation in chemical compounds of wood in historical buildings using ft-ir and ft-raman vibrational spectroscopy
Keywords:
Guaiacyl lignin, hardwood, softwood, wood carbohydrates, wood durabilityAbstract
Vibrational spectroscopy approaches like FT-IR and FT-Raman, as analytical method, can be used to assess chemical changes in historical wood structures. In this study, wood samples of three historical buildings, in Gorgan, Iran, namely Tekie Estebar, Molla Esmaiel Mosque, and the Esmaieli Buildings were selected. Wood species was determined by their macroscopic characteristics which were hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), oak (Quercus castaneifolia), beech (Fagus orientalis), and elm (Ulmus glabra), as hardwood species, and yew (Taxus baccata) as a softwood species. Also, some samples of oak were collected from northern and southern sides of the Esmaieli Building in order to compare deterioration environmental factors.. The approximate assignment of the experimental bands was completed by comparing. For this purpose, the experimental bands with the calculated band frequencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, the reported assignment for softwood and hardwood was used to confirm the vibrational assignments. The results of spectroscopy revealed that biodegradation had occurred in all species. Comparison between the most important vibrational band frequencies related to carbohydrates and lignin in hardwood species suggested that degradation of carbohydrates was greater than lignin, which could be attributed to brown rot and hydrolysis. Reduction of chemical compounds in south oak samples was higher and could be associated with prevailing wind and UV ray in this side. In the only softwood species (yew), because of its highest exposure to frequent raining, deterioration was observed in both carbohydrates and lignin.
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References
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Bodirlau, R; Teaca, C.A. 2009. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis of lignocellulose fillers treated with organic anhydrides. Romanian Journal of Physics 54(1):93-104. [ Links ]
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Schenzel, K.; Fischer, S. 2001. NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy-a Rapid Analytical Tool for Detecting the Transformation of Cellulose Polymorphs. Cellulose8(1):49-57. [ Links ]
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Sjostrom, E. 1993. Chapter 4 - LIGNIN. In: Wood Chemistry (Second Edition). Academic Press: San Diego, pp 71-89. [ Links ]
Smith, G.D.; Clark, R.J.H. 2004. Raman microscopy in archaeological science. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(8):1137-1160. [ Links ]
Socrates, G. 2004. Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies: Tables and charts. John Wiley and Sons.pp 348-340. [ Links ]
Wiley, J.H.; Atalla, R.H. 1987. Band assignments in the raman spectra of celluloses. Carbohydrate Research 160:113-129. [ Links ]
Wilson, E.B. 1934. The Normal Modes and Frequencies of Vibration of the Regular Plane Hexagon Model of the Benzene Molecule. Physical Review 45(10):706-714. [ Links ]
Yamauchi, S.; Iijima, Y.; Doi, S. 2005. Spectrochemical characterization by FT-Raman spectroscopy of wood heat-treated at low temperatures: Japanese larch and beech. Journal of Wood Science 51(5):498-506. [ Links ]
Yang, H.; Lewis, I.R.; Griffiths, P.R. 1999. Raman spectrometry and neural networks for the classification of wood types. 2. Kohonen self-organizing maps. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 55(14):2783-2791. [ Links ]
Zhou, L.; Shen, D.; He, J.; Wei, Y.; Ma, Q.; Hu, Z. 2012. Multispectroscopic studies for the identification of archaeological frankincense excavated in the underground palace of Bao'en Temple, Nanjing: near infrared, midinfrared, and Raman spectroscopies. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43(10):1504-1509. [ Links ]
Bodirlau, R; Teaca, C.A. 2009. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis of lignocellulose fillers treated with organic anhydrides. Romanian Journal of Physics 54(1):93-104. [ Links ]
Carrillo, F; Colom, X; Suñol, J.J; Saurina, J. 2004. Structural FTIR analysis and thermal characterisation of lyocell and viscose-type fibres. European Polymer Journal 40(9):2229-2234. [ Links ]
Casadio, F.; Toniolo, L. 2001. The analysis of polychrome works of art: 40 years of infrared spectroscopic investigations. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2(1):71-78. [ Links ]
Derrick, M.R.; Stulik, D.C.; Landry, J.M. 1999. Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science. Scientific Tools for Conservation. Los Angeles CA: Getty Publications Virtual Library.pp 82-171. [ Links ]
Faix, O. 1992. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In: Lin, SY; Dence, CW (eds) Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 83-109. [ Links ]
Faix, O.; Bremer, J.; Schmidt, O.; Tatjana, S.J. 1991. Monitoring of chemical changes in white-rot degraded beech wood by pyrolysis-gas chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 21(1-2):147-162. [ Links ]
Gelbrich, J.; Carsten, M; Militz, H. 2009. Evaluation of bacterial wood degradation by Fourier-Transform-Infrared (FTIR) measurements. Journal of Cultural Heritage 13(3):S135-S138. [ Links ]
Hergert, HL. 1971. Infared spectra. In: Sarkanen, KV; Ludwig, CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience: New York. pp. 267-293. [ Links ]
Ji, Z.; Ma, J.F.; Zhang, Z.H.; Xu, F.; Sun, R.C. 2013. Distribution of lignin and cellulose in compression wood tracheids of Pinus yunnanensis determined by fluorescence microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. Industrial Crops and Products 47:212-217. [ Links ]
Kihara, M.; Takayama, M.; Wariishi, H.; Tanaka, H. 2002. Determination of the carbonyl groups in native lignin utilizing Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 58(10):2213-2221. [ Links ]
Lewis, I.R; Daniel, N.W; Chaffin, N.C; Griffiths, P. 1994. Raman spectrometry and neural networks for the classification of wood types. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 50(11):1943-1958. [ Links ]
Lionetto, F.; Del Sole, R.; Cannoletta, D.; Vasapollo, G.; Maffezzoli, A. 2012. Monitoring Wood Degradation during Weathering by Cellulose Crystallinity. Materials 5(10):1910-1910. [ Links ]
Michell, A; Higgins, H. 2002. Infrared Spectroscopy in Australian Forest Products research.CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products: Melbourne, Australia. p.60. [ Links ]
Mirshokraie, S.A.; Larie, J.; Mostaghni, F.; Abdulkhani, A. 2014. Aanalysis of photodegrated lignin and lignin model compounds by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research 29(3):343-353. [ Links ]
Moosavinejad, S.S; madhoushi, M; Rasouli, D; Vakili, M. 2016. Nondestructive evaluation of wood chemical compounds used in Gorgan historical building via FT-IR spectroscopy. Journals of Forest Science and Technology 23(1):313-328. [ Links ]
Ona, T; Ito, K; Shibata, M; Ootake, Y; Ohshima, J; Yokota, S; Yoshizawa, N; Sonoda, T. 1999. In SituDetermination of Proportion of Cell Types in Wood by Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy. Analytical Biochemistry 268(1):43-48. [ Links ]
Pandey, K.K.; Pitman, A.J. 2003. FTIR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 52(3):151-160. [ Links ]
Petrou, M.; Edwards, H.G.M.; Janaway, R.C.; Thompson, G.B.; Wilson, A.S. 2009. Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopic study of a Neolithic waterlogged wood assemblage. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395(7):2131-2138. [ Links ]
Picollo, M.; Cavallo, E.; Macchioni, N.; Pignatelli, O.; Pizzo, B.; Santoni, I. 2011. Spectral characterisation of ancient wooden artefacts with the use of traditional IR techniques and ATR device: a methodological approach. E-Preservation Science8:23-28. [ Links ]
Popescu, C.M.; Vasile, C.; Popescu, M.C.; Singurel, G. 2006. Degradation of lime wood painting supports II. Spectral characterisation. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 40(8):649-658. [ Links ]
Pucetaite, M. 2012. Archaeological wood from the Swedish warship Vasa studied by infrared microscopy. Lund University Press: Sweden. pp. 16. [ Links ]
Rodrigues, J.; Faix, O.; Pereira, H. 1998. Determination of lignin content of Eucalyptus globulus wood using FTIR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 52(1):46-50. [ Links ]
Sandak, A.; Sandak, J.; Zborowska, M.; Prądzyński, W. 2010. Near infrared spectroscopy as a tool for archaeological wood characterization. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(9): 2093-2101. [ Links ]
Schenzel, K.; Fischer, S. 2001. NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy-a Rapid Analytical Tool for Detecting the Transformation of Cellulose Polymorphs. Cellulose8(1):49-57. [ Links ]
Schwanninger, M..; Rodrigues, J. C., Pereira, H..;Hinterstoisser, B.2004. Effects of short-time vibratory ball milling on the shape of FT-IR spectra of wood and cellulose. Vibrational Spectroscopy 36(1):23-40. [ Links ]
Shen, Q.; Rahiala, H.; Rosenholm, J.B. 1998. Evaluation of the Structure and Acid-Base Properties of Bulk Wood by FT-Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 206(2):558-568. [ Links ]
Sjostrom, E. 1993. Chapter 4 - LIGNIN. In: Wood Chemistry (Second Edition). Academic Press: San Diego, pp 71-89. [ Links ]
Smith, G.D.; Clark, R.J.H. 2004. Raman microscopy in archaeological science. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(8):1137-1160. [ Links ]
Socrates, G. 2004. Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies: Tables and charts. John Wiley and Sons.pp 348-340. [ Links ]
Wiley, J.H.; Atalla, R.H. 1987. Band assignments in the raman spectra of celluloses. Carbohydrate Research 160:113-129. [ Links ]
Wilson, E.B. 1934. The Normal Modes and Frequencies of Vibration of the Regular Plane Hexagon Model of the Benzene Molecule. Physical Review 45(10):706-714. [ Links ]
Yamauchi, S.; Iijima, Y.; Doi, S. 2005. Spectrochemical characterization by FT-Raman spectroscopy of wood heat-treated at low temperatures: Japanese larch and beech. Journal of Wood Science 51(5):498-506. [ Links ]
Yang, H.; Lewis, I.R.; Griffiths, P.R. 1999. Raman spectrometry and neural networks for the classification of wood types. 2. Kohonen self-organizing maps. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 55(14):2783-2791. [ Links ]
Zhou, L.; Shen, D.; He, J.; Wei, Y.; Ma, Q.; Hu, Z. 2012. Multispectroscopic studies for the identification of archaeological frankincense excavated in the underground palace of Bao'en Temple, Nanjing: near infrared, midinfrared, and Raman spectroscopies. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43(10):1504-1509. [ Links ]
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Published
2019-07-01
How to Cite
Mahdi Moosavi Nejad, S., Madhoushi, M., Vakili, M., & Rasouli, D. (2019). Evaluation of degradation in chemical compounds of wood in historical buildings using ft-ir and ft-raman vibrational spectroscopy. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 21(3), 381–392. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3537
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