Mechanical characteristics of impregnated white jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba) using merbau extractives and selected polymerised merbau extractives
Keywords:
Bending strength, crystallinity, FTIR-spectra, hardness, impregnation treatment, shearAbstract
This paper presents results of a study on the mechanical characteristics of impregnated Jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba) using Merbau extractives (ME) and two types of polymerised Merbau extractives (PME), i.e PME22 and PME33. A set of tests on hardness, shear, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) was conducted according to the relevant standards. Two types qualitative analysis by means of FTIR spectra and XRD analysis were carried out to explore relationship between the mechanical characteristics alteration with physico-chemical characteristics. The results indicated that a positive improvement in mechanical characteristics was obtained for Jabon wood impregnated with PME22 and PME33. Surface hardness of modified wood samples exhibited higher values compared to the non-impregnated samples for end and side hardness, by 20.04 and 30.54 % (PME22), and 32.73 and 39.89 (PME33), respectively. Shear strength increased by 41.87 and 49.58 % (PME22) and 74.02 and 79.10 % (PME) for radial (T) and tangential (T) sections, respectively. MOE increased by 23.52% (PME22) and by 40.12% (PME33), MOR values also increased by 28.50 and 41.19 % after impregnation with PME22 and PME33, respectively. The increment of mechanical properties
of treated Jabon wood after impregnation treatment using polymerised Merbau extractives were confirmed by FTIR spectra and crystallinity (XRD) analysis.
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References
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polymerization of an acrylic monomer. Forest Products Journal 59(10): 64-71, DOI:10.13073/0015-7473-59.10.64
Brown, H.; Panshin, A.; Forsaith, C. 1952. Textbook Of Wood Technology Volume II: The Physical, Mechanical, And Chemical Properties Of The Commercial Woods Of The United States, Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Bustos, C.; Hernandez, R. E.; Fortin, Y. 2009. Effect of kiln-drying on the hardness and machining properties of tamarack wood for flooring. Forest Prod. J., 59(1/2): 71-76.
Chen, H., Lang, Q., Zhang, H., Wu, G., Zheng, X.; Pu, J. 2013. Study Of Chemical Modification By Impregnation Of Fresh Poplar Log And By Hot-Press Drying Process. Bioresources 8(3), 3924-3933.
Chow, S.-Z. 1966. Effect of Resin Impregnated Core Veneer on Shear Strength of Douglas-Fir Plywood. Master Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, UBC
(htps://Open.Library.Ubc.Ca/Circle/Collections/831/Items/1.0302266), DOI: 435 10.14288/1.0302266
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Deka, M.; Saikia, C. N. 2000. Chemical Modification Of Wood With Thermosetting Resin: Effect On Dimensional Stability And Strength Property. Biores Technol 73(2): 179-181, DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00167-4.
Dinwoodie, J. M. 2000. Timber, Its Nature And Behaviour 2nd Ed.. BRE, London.
Dong, Y.; Yan, Y.; Wang, K.; Li, J.; Zhang, S.; Xia, C.; Shi, S. Q.; Cai, L. 2016. Improvement of water resistance, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties of poplar wood by rosin impregnation. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74(2):177-184 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0998-6.
Doyle, J.; Walker, J. C. F. 1985. Indentation of wood by wedges. Wood Sci Technol 19(1): 47-55, DOI:10.1007/BF00354752.
Dumail, J. F.; P. Caste´Ra A. P. M. 1998. Hardness and basic density variation in the juvenile wood of maritime pine. Ann For Sci 55(8): 911-923, DOI: 10.1051/forest:19980804
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Herajarvi, H. 2004. Variation of basic density and brinell hardness within mature Finnish Betula pendula and B. pubescens stems. Wood Fiber Sci 36(2): 216-227.
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Huang, Y.; Fei, B.; Yu, Y.; Zhao, R. 2013. Effect of modification with phenol formaldehyde resin on the mechanical properties of wood from Chinese Fir, BioResources 8(1): 272-282
Ibach, R. E.; Ellis, W. D. 2005. Lumen Modifications. In: Rowell, R. M. (Ed.) Handbook Of Wood Chemistry And Wood Composites. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, LLC.
Keskin, H.; Atar, M.; Yavuzcan, H. G. 2004. Impact of impregnation and bleaching on the surface hardness of oak (Quercus Petraea L.) wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93(2), 498-504, DOI: 10.1002/app.20434.
Kislik, V. K. 2012. Solvent Extraction: Classical and Novel Approaches, Elsevier.
Krisnawati, H., Kallio, M. & Kanninen, M. 2011. Anthocephalus Cadamba Miq.: Ecology, Silviculture And Productivity, CIFOR.
Liu, X.; Xin, W.; Zhang, J. 2009. Rosin-based acid anhydrides as alternatives to petrochemical curing agents. Green Chemistry, 11(7): 1018-1025, DOI: 10.1039/B903955D
Lopes, D. B.; Mai, C.; Militz, H. 2015. Mechanical properties of chemically modified Portuguese pinewood. Maderas-CienC y Tecnol 17(1): 179-194, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000018
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Malik, J.; Ozarska, B.; Santoso, A. 2018. Colour changes and morphological performance of impregnated jabon wood using polymerised Merbau extractives, Maderas-Cienc-Tecnol 20(1): DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2018005001801
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Ozarska, B. 2009. Engineering properties of selected young plantation-grown australian hardwoods for furniture. Forest Product Journal 59(7/8): 27-30.
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Panshin, A. J.; De Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook Of Wood Technology : Structure, Identification, Properties, and Uses of The Commercial Woods of The United States And Canada 4th Ed. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
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Rowell, R. M. 1999. Specialty Treatments. In: Wood Handbook—Wood As An Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Rowell, R. M.; Konkol, P. 1987. Treatments That Enhance Physical Properties Of Wood. Madison, WI: U.S. Department Of Agricuiture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Sakai, K.; Matsunaga, M.; Minato, K.; Nakatsubo, F. 1999. Effects Of Impregnation Of Simple Phenolic And Natural Polycyclic Compounds On Physical Properties Of Wood. J Wood Sci 45(3): 227-232, DOI: 10.1007/BF01177730
Santoso, A. 2014. Discussion on the effect of impregnation using polymerised merbau extractves (pme) based on physico-chemical characteristics of the polymer. Pers. Comm.
Sharp, A. 2003. The Mechanical Properties of Wood In: Barnett, J. and Jeromidis, G. (Eds.) Wood Quality And Its Biological Basis. Oxford UK and Carlton Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Shmulsky, R.; Jones, P. D.; Lilley, K. 2011. Forest Products and Wood Science : An Introduction 6th Ed., Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex.
Singh, A.; Dawson, B.; Franich, R.; Cowan, F.; Warnes, J. 1999. The Relationship Between Pit Membrane Ultrastructure And Chemical Impregnability Of Wood. Holzforschung 53(4): 341-346.
Soerianegara, I; Lemmens, R. H. M. J. 1993. Plant Resources Of South-East Asia No. 5 (1) Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers, Centre For Agricultural Publishing And Documentation (PUDOC).
Stamm, A. J. 1959. Dimensional stabilization of wood by thermal reaction and formaldehyde cross-linking. Tappi 42: 39-44
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M. 1942. Resin-Treated Wood (Impreg). Report No: 1380 (Revised 1962). Madison, WI, USA: Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service US Department Of Agriculture.
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M. 1951. Resin Treated Laminated, Compressed Wood-Compreg. Report No. 1381.
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M.. 1962. Resin Treated Wood-Impreg. Madison, Wisconsin: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Thomas, D.; Henson, M.; Joe, B.; Boyton, S.; Dickson, R. 2009. Review of growth and wood quality of plantation-grown Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. Australian Forestry 72(1):3-11, DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2009.10676283
USDA FOREST SERV. 2006. Janka Hardness Using Non Standard Specimens. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA FOREST SERV. 2007. Estimating Janka Hardness From Specific Gravity for Tropical and Temperate Species, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Uysal, B. 2006. Influence Of Pretreatment On Shear Strength Of Various Wood Species. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100(1), 245-252, DOI: 10.1002/App.23030.
Wang, F.; Kitaoka, T.; Tanaka, H. 2003. Supramolecular structure and sizing performance of rosin-based emulsion size microparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 221(1-3):19-28 DOI: 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00098-0
Wu, G. F.; Jiang, Y. F.; Qu, P.; Yao, S.; Pu, J. W. 2011. Study on compressed wood with urea-formaldehyde prepolymer. Materials Science Forum, 675-677(71-78): 411-414 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.71-78.860.
Yunianti, A. D. 2012. Karakteristik Struktur Nano Dinding Sel dan Kaitannya Dengan Sifat-Sifat Kayu: Studi Kasus Kayu Jati Klon Umur 7 Tahun (Nanostructure Characteristics of Cell Wall and Their Relationship to Wood Quality: Case Study in 7-Years-Old Cloned Teak). Doctoral, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S. Y.; Chui, Y. H.; Wan, H. 2006. Effect of impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methacrylates on hardness of sugar maple wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 99(4): 1674-1683, DOI: 10.1002/app.22534.
polymerization of an acrylic monomer. Forest Products Journal 59(10): 64-71, DOI:10.13073/0015-7473-59.10.64
Brown, H.; Panshin, A.; Forsaith, C. 1952. Textbook Of Wood Technology Volume II: The Physical, Mechanical, And Chemical Properties Of The Commercial Woods Of The United States, Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Bustos, C.; Hernandez, R. E.; Fortin, Y. 2009. Effect of kiln-drying on the hardness and machining properties of tamarack wood for flooring. Forest Prod. J., 59(1/2): 71-76.
Chen, H., Lang, Q., Zhang, H., Wu, G., Zheng, X.; Pu, J. 2013. Study Of Chemical Modification By Impregnation Of Fresh Poplar Log And By Hot-Press Drying Process. Bioresources 8(3), 3924-3933.
Chow, S.-Z. 1966. Effect of Resin Impregnated Core Veneer on Shear Strength of Douglas-Fir Plywood. Master Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, UBC
(htps://Open.Library.Ubc.Ca/Circle/Collections/831/Items/1.0302266), DOI: 435 10.14288/1.0302266
Cox, P. E. 2009. Wood Hardening Procedures. (Http://www.freepatentsonline.Com/Y2009/0142613.Html).
Deka, M.; Saikia, C. N. 2000. Chemical Modification Of Wood With Thermosetting Resin: Effect On Dimensional Stability And Strength Property. Biores Technol 73(2): 179-181, DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00167-4.
Dinwoodie, J. M. 2000. Timber, Its Nature And Behaviour 2nd Ed.. BRE, London.
Dong, Y.; Yan, Y.; Wang, K.; Li, J.; Zhang, S.; Xia, C.; Shi, S. Q.; Cai, L. 2016. Improvement of water resistance, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties of poplar wood by rosin impregnation. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74(2):177-184 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0998-6.
Doyle, J.; Walker, J. C. F. 1985. Indentation of wood by wedges. Wood Sci Technol 19(1): 47-55, DOI:10.1007/BF00354752.
Dumail, J. F.; P. Caste´Ra A. P. M. 1998. Hardness and basic density variation in the juvenile wood of maritime pine. Ann For Sci 55(8): 911-923, DOI: 10.1051/forest:19980804
Dwianto, W.; Inoue, M.; Tanaka, F.; Norimoto, M. 1997. Fixation of compressive deformation of wood by heat treatment. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 43(4): 303-309
Ellis, W. D.; O'Dell, J. L. 1999. Wood-polymer composites made with acrylic monomers, isocyanate, and maleic anhydride. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 73(12): 2493–2505.
Esteves, B.; Nunes, L.; Pereira, H. 2011. Properties Of Furfurylated Wood (Pinus Pinaster). Europ. Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69(4): 521-525, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-010-0480-4
Forest Product Laboratory 1940. Wood Handbook : Basic Information On Wood As A Material Of Construction With Data For Its Use In Design And Specifications, US
Department Of Agriculture, Washington. Franich, R. 2007. The induritee process—a review from concept to business. In: Hill, C. A. S., Jones, D.; Militz, H; Ormondroyd, G. A., (Eds.), The Third European Conference On Wood Modification, October 15-16, 2007 2007 Cardiff, UK. BC (Biocomposites Centre),
Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK, 23-29.
Green, D.; Begel, M.; Nelson, W. 2006. Janka Hardness Using Non Standard Specimens. Wisconsin: Forest Product Laboratory.
Green, D. W.; Winandy, J. E.; Kretschmann, D. E. 1999. Mechanical Properties of Wood. Wood Handbook-Wood As An Engineering Material. Madison, WI: U.S: Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Hamdan, S.; Islam, M. S. 2012. Impact of chemical modification on the physical and mechanical properties of tropical wood material. Advanced Materials Research 576(1): 314-473 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.576.314.
Herajarvi, H. 2004. Variation of basic density and brinell hardness within mature Finnish Betula pendula and B. pubescens stems. Wood Fiber Sci 36(2): 216-227.
Hill, C. A. S. 2006. Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal And Other Processes, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Huang, Y.; Fei, B.; Yu, Y.; Zhao, R. 2013. Effect of modification with phenol formaldehyde resin on the mechanical properties of wood from Chinese Fir, BioResources 8(1): 272-282
Ibach, R. E.; Ellis, W. D. 2005. Lumen Modifications. In: Rowell, R. M. (Ed.) Handbook Of Wood Chemistry And Wood Composites. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, LLC.
Keskin, H.; Atar, M.; Yavuzcan, H. G. 2004. Impact of impregnation and bleaching on the surface hardness of oak (Quercus Petraea L.) wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93(2), 498-504, DOI: 10.1002/app.20434.
Kislik, V. K. 2012. Solvent Extraction: Classical and Novel Approaches, Elsevier.
Krisnawati, H., Kallio, M. & Kanninen, M. 2011. Anthocephalus Cadamba Miq.: Ecology, Silviculture And Productivity, CIFOR.
Liu, X.; Xin, W.; Zhang, J. 2009. Rosin-based acid anhydrides as alternatives to petrochemical curing agents. Green Chemistry, 11(7): 1018-1025, DOI: 10.1039/B903955D
Lopes, D. B.; Mai, C.; Militz, H. 2015. Mechanical properties of chemically modified Portuguese pinewood. Maderas-CienC y Tecnol 17(1): 179-194, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000018
Ma, Q.; Liu, X.; Zhang, R.; Zhu, J.; Jiang, Y. 2013. Synthesis and properties of full bio-based thermosetting resins from rosin acid and soybean oil: The role of rosin acid derivatives. Green Chem 15: 1300-1310, DOI: 10.1039/C3GC00095H
Mack, J. J. 1979. Australian Methods for Mechancically Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber. Melbourne: CSIRO.
Malik, J. Ozarska, B.; Dwianto W.; Santoso A. 2015. Effect Of Impregnation With Polymerized Merbau Extractive On Density And Fixation Of Compressed Jabon Wood. In: Proceedings Of The Eighth European Conference On Wood Modification. M. Hughes, L.
Rautkari, T. Uimonen, H. Militz And B. Junge (Eds), Paasitorni Helsinki, Finland 26 - 27 October 2015, School Of Chemical Technology, Aalto University.
Malik, J.; Santoso, A.; Mulyana, Y.; Ozarska, B. 2016. Characterization of Merbau extractives as a potential wood-impregnating material. BioResources 11(3): 7737-7753. DOI:10.15376/biores.11.3.7737-7753
Malik, J.; Ozarska, B.; Santoso, A. 2018. Colour changes and morphological performance of impregnated jabon wood using polymerised Merbau extractives, Maderas-Cienc-Tecnol 20(1): DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2018005001801
Mansur, I.; F.D.Tuheteru 2010. Kayu Jabon (Jabon Wood), Penebar Swadaya, Bogor.
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Mandang, Y. I., Prawira, S. A. & Kadir, K. 1989. Atlas Kayu Indonesia (Wood Atlas Of Indonesia), Jakarta, Forestry Research And Development Agency.
Ozarska, B. 2009. Engineering properties of selected young plantation-grown australian hardwoods for furniture. Forest Product Journal 59(7/8): 27-30.
Panshin, A., Zeeuw, C. D. & Brown, H. 1964. Textbook Of Wood Technology. Volume I: Structure, Identification, Uses, And Properties Of The Commercial Woods Of The United States, New York, Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Panshin, A. J.; De Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook Of Wood Technology : Structure, Identification, Properties, and Uses of The Commercial Woods of The United States And Canada 4th Ed. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Rowell, R. M. 1996. Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Chemically Modified Wood. In: HON, D. N. S. (Ed.) Chemical Mmodification Of Lignocellulosic Materials. New York: New York : Marcel Dekker, C1996.
Rowell, R. M. 1999. Specialty Treatments. In: Wood Handbook—Wood As An Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Rowell, R. M.; Konkol, P. 1987. Treatments That Enhance Physical Properties Of Wood. Madison, WI: U.S. Department Of Agricuiture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Sakai, K.; Matsunaga, M.; Minato, K.; Nakatsubo, F. 1999. Effects Of Impregnation Of Simple Phenolic And Natural Polycyclic Compounds On Physical Properties Of Wood. J Wood Sci 45(3): 227-232, DOI: 10.1007/BF01177730
Santoso, A. 2014. Discussion on the effect of impregnation using polymerised merbau extractves (pme) based on physico-chemical characteristics of the polymer. Pers. Comm.
Sharp, A. 2003. The Mechanical Properties of Wood In: Barnett, J. and Jeromidis, G. (Eds.) Wood Quality And Its Biological Basis. Oxford UK and Carlton Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Shmulsky, R.; Jones, P. D.; Lilley, K. 2011. Forest Products and Wood Science : An Introduction 6th Ed., Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex.
Singh, A.; Dawson, B.; Franich, R.; Cowan, F.; Warnes, J. 1999. The Relationship Between Pit Membrane Ultrastructure And Chemical Impregnability Of Wood. Holzforschung 53(4): 341-346.
Soerianegara, I; Lemmens, R. H. M. J. 1993. Plant Resources Of South-East Asia No. 5 (1) Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers, Centre For Agricultural Publishing And Documentation (PUDOC).
Stamm, A. J. 1959. Dimensional stabilization of wood by thermal reaction and formaldehyde cross-linking. Tappi 42: 39-44
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M. 1942. Resin-Treated Wood (Impreg). Report No: 1380 (Revised 1962). Madison, WI, USA: Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service US Department Of Agriculture.
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M. 1951. Resin Treated Laminated, Compressed Wood-Compreg. Report No. 1381.
Stamm, A. J.; Seborg, R. M.. 1962. Resin Treated Wood-Impreg. Madison, Wisconsin: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Thomas, D.; Henson, M.; Joe, B.; Boyton, S.; Dickson, R. 2009. Review of growth and wood quality of plantation-grown Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. Australian Forestry 72(1):3-11, DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2009.10676283
USDA FOREST SERV. 2006. Janka Hardness Using Non Standard Specimens. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA FOREST SERV. 2007. Estimating Janka Hardness From Specific Gravity for Tropical and Temperate Species, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Uysal, B. 2006. Influence Of Pretreatment On Shear Strength Of Various Wood Species. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100(1), 245-252, DOI: 10.1002/App.23030.
Wang, F.; Kitaoka, T.; Tanaka, H. 2003. Supramolecular structure and sizing performance of rosin-based emulsion size microparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 221(1-3):19-28 DOI: 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00098-0
Wu, G. F.; Jiang, Y. F.; Qu, P.; Yao, S.; Pu, J. W. 2011. Study on compressed wood with urea-formaldehyde prepolymer. Materials Science Forum, 675-677(71-78): 411-414 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.71-78.860.
Yunianti, A. D. 2012. Karakteristik Struktur Nano Dinding Sel dan Kaitannya Dengan Sifat-Sifat Kayu: Studi Kasus Kayu Jati Klon Umur 7 Tahun (Nanostructure Characteristics of Cell Wall and Their Relationship to Wood Quality: Case Study in 7-Years-Old Cloned Teak). Doctoral, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S. Y.; Chui, Y. H.; Wan, H. 2006. Effect of impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methacrylates on hardness of sugar maple wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 99(4): 1674-1683, DOI: 10.1002/app.22534.
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2019-10-01
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Malik, J., & Ozarska, B. (2019). Mechanical characteristics of impregnated white jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba) using merbau extractives and selected polymerised merbau extractives. Maderas-Cienc Tecnol, 21(4), 573–586. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3648
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