The quality comparison of particleboards produced from heartwood and sapwood of european larch
Keywords:
Contact angle, formaldehyde emission, Larix decidua, mechanical properties, physical properties, roughnessAbstract
In this paper, the impacts of heartwood and sapwood usage on the physical, mechanical, and surface properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard are investigated. European Larch (Larix decidua) trees are chosen as a raw material. The logs are divided into three segments: sapwood, heartwood and total wood. The highest amounts of cellulose (51.54%), and hemicelluloses (22.24%) in the sapwood, followed by total wood, and the heartwood, respectively. However, the highest amount of lignin (30.54%) was found in the heartwood. The highest extractives values are obtained from heartwood, followed by total wood, and the sapwood, respectively. While the lowest pH value (3.03) is found in heartwood, the sapwood samples provide the highest values (4.95). The highest ash (0.49%) content and amount of condensed tannin (13.89%) are extracted from heartwood, followed by total wood, and sapwood, respectively. The test panels manufactured from sapwood have the smoothest surface (7.49 µm (Ra), 48.86 µm (Ry), and 35.12 µm (Rz)) and the lowest contact angles (67.8ᵒ), while the roughest surface (14.20 µm (Ra), 68.05 µm (Ry), and 50.02 µm (Rz)) and highest contact angle (96.9ᵒ) are obtained from the panels of heartwood. The thickness swelling (19.88%) and formaldehyde emission (7.28%) values of the panels manufactured from heartwood are significantly lower than the panels manufactured from the total wood and sapwood. The highest modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond (IB) values are observed on sapwood, respectively, 15.60 MPa (MOR), 2201 MPa (MOE), and 0.523 MPa (IB). These mechanical strength values (MOR, MOE, and IB) are followed by total wood, and the heartwood, respectively. Surface smoothness and wettability of the particleboards manufactured from sapwood are better than those of total wood and heartwood.
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References
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Akyuz, K.C.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Zekovic, E. 2010. Effects of acidity of the particles and amount of hardener on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard composite bonded with urea formaldehyde. Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 30(3): 166-169.
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Atar, I.; Nemli, G.; Ayrilmis, N.; Baharoglu, M.; Sari, B.; Bardak, S. 2014. Effects of hardener type, urea usage and conditioning period on the quality properties of particleboard. Materials and Design 56: 91–96
Ayrilmis, N.; Buyuksari, U.; Avci, E.; Koc, E. 2009. Utilization of pine cone in manufacture of wood based composite. Forest Ecology Management 259: 65-70.
Ayrilmis, N.; Winandy, J.E. 2009. Effect of post heat treatment on surface characteristics and adhesive bonding performance of MDF. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24: 594-599.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli G.; Sari, B.; Bardak, S.; Ayrilmis, N. 2012. The influence of moisture content of raw material on the physical and mechanical properties, surface roughness, wettability and formaldehyde emission of particleboard composite. Composites Part B: Engineering 43(5): 2448-2451.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli, G.; Sari, B.; Birturk, T.; Bardak, S. 2013. Effects of anatomical and chemical properties of wood on the qualityof particleboard. Composites: Part B Engineering 52: 282–285.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli, G.; Sari, B.; Ayrilmis, N.; Bardak, S.; Zekovic, E. 2014. Effect of paraffin application technique on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21(2): 191-195.
Balanchet, P.; Cloutier, A.; Riedl, B. 2000. Particleboard produced from hammer milled black spruce bark residues. Wood Science technology 34: 11-19.
Bardak, S. 2014. Usability possibilities of wood of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) in particleboard industry, Ph.D. Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey.
Bardak, S.; Sari B.; Nemli, G.; Kirci, H.; Baharoglu, M. 2011. The effect of decor paper properties and adhesive type on some properties of particleboard. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 31: 412-415.
Bardak, S.; Nemli, G.; Tiryaki, S. 2017. The influence of raw material growth region, anatomical structure and chemical composition of wood on the quality properties of particleboards. Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 19(3): 363-372.
Buscher, H.J.; Pelt, A.W.J.; Boer, P.; Arends, J. 1984. The effect of surface roughening of polymers on measured contact angles of liquids. Colloids and Surfaces 9(4): 319-331.
Campbell, A.G.; Kim, W.J.; Koch, P. 1990. Chemical variation in lodgepole pine with sapwood/heartwood, stem height, and variety. Wood and Fiber Science 22(1): 22-30.
Christiansen, A.W. 1990. How over drying wood reduces its bonding to phenol formaldehyde adhesives: A critical review of the literature, Part 1: the physical responses. Wood and Fiber Science 22(4): 441-459.
Duchesne, I.; Vincent, M.; Wang, X.A.; Ung, C.H.; Swift, D.E. 2016. Wood mechanical properties and discoloured heartwood proportion in sugar maple and yellow birch grown in New Brunswick. BioResources 11(1): 2007-2019.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1994. Determination of formaldehyde content in fiberboard by using perforator method. EN 120-1. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Wood based panels, determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and bending strength. EN 310. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 2005. Particleboards-specifications. EN 312. Brussels-Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Particleboard and fiberboards, determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water. EN 317. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Particleboard and fiberboards, determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board. EN 319. Brussels.
Foster WG. 1967. Species variation. In: Maloney T, editor. Proceedings of the WSU Particleboard Symposium, Volume 1, Pullmann (WA): Washington State University, p. 13-20.
Garay, RM.; MacDonald, F.; Acevedo, ML.; Calderón, B.; Araya, JE. 2009. Particleboard made with crop residues mixed with wood from pinus radiata. Bioresources 4(4): 1396-1408.
Huang, H.; Wang, B.J.; Dong, L.; Zhao, M. 2011. Wettability of hybrid poplar veneers with cold plasma treatments in relation to drying conditions. Drying Technology 29: 323-330.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO. 1997. International standard geometrical products specifications (GPS) surface texture: profile method terms, definitions, and surface texture parameters. ISO 4287. Geneva.
Ors, Y.; Keskin, H. 2001. Wood material information. Atlas, İstanbul, Turkey.
Kord, B.; Zare, H.; Hosseinzadeh, A. 2016. Evaluation of the mechanical and physical properties of particleboard manufactured from Canola (Brassica napus) straws. Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 18(1): 9-18.
Lehman, W.F.; Geimer, R.L.; 1974. Properties of structural particleboards from douglas-fir forest residues. Forest Products Journal 24 (10): 17-25.
Lyman, F.C. 1969. Factors influencing the properties of wood chipboard. In: Mitlin L, editor. Particleboard manufacture and application. London: Presmedia Books; p. 145-149.
Maloney, T.M: 1977 Modern particleboard and dry process fiberboard manufacturing. San Francisco (CA): Miller Freeman.
Marshall, S.W.; Ifju, G.; Johnson, J.A. (1974). The role of extractives in the hydrophobic behavior of lobly pine rhytidome. Wood Fiber Sci 5: 353-363.
Motted, A.L. 1967. The particle geometry factor. In: Maloney T, editor. Proceedings of the WSU Particleboard Symposium, Volume 1, Pullmann (WA): Washington State University, p. 23-73.
Moubarik, A.; Mansouri, H.R.; Pizzi, A.; Charrier, F.; Allal, A. 2013. Bertrand charrier corn flour-mimosa tanin-based adhesives without formaldehyde for interior particleboard Production. Wood Science and Technology 47: 675-683.
Muhcu, S.; Nemli, G.; Ayrilmis, N.; Bardak, S.; Baharoglu, M.; Sari, B.; Gercek, Z. 2015. Effect of log position in European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) tree on the technological properties of particleboard. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 30(4): 357-362.
Nazerian, M.; Beyki, Z.; Gargarii, R.M.; Kool, F. 2016. The effect of some technological production variables on mechanical and physical properties of particleboard manufactured from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) stalks, Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 18(1): 167-178.
Nemli, G.; Demirel, S. 2007. Relationship between the density profile and the technological properties of the particleboard composite. Journal of Composite Materials 41(15): 2007.
Nemli, G.; Ozturk, I. 2006. Influences of Some Factors on the Formaldehyde Content of Particleboard, Building and Environment 41(6): 770-774.
Nemli, G.; Yildiz, S.; Gezer, E.D. 2008. The potential for using the needle litter of Scotch pine as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing. Bioresource Technology 99: 6054-6058.
Onda, T.; Shibuichi, S.; Satoh, N; Tsujii, K.; 1996. Super-water-repellent fractal surfaces. Langmui, 12(9): 2125-2127.
Pan, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Ruihong, Z.; Jenkins, B.M. 2007. Physical properties of thin particleboard made from saline eucalyptus. Industrial Crops and Products 26: 185-194.
Prasetya, B. 1989. The investigations on the barks of various tree species [Bachelor thesis on the afforestation of tropic and subtropic regions]. Gottingen: Forestry faculty, Universityof Gotingen Georg-August University of Gottingen.
Roffael, E.; Dix, B. 1994. Influence of the wood properties of some poplar clones on utilization. Forstarchiv 65(2): 43-53.
Sari, B.; Ayrılmıs, N.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Esat, G.; Bardak, S. 2012. Effects of chemical composition of wood and resin type on properties of particleboard. Lignocellulose 1(3): 174-184.
Sari, B.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Bardak, S.; Zekovic, E. 2013. The role of solid content of adhesive and panel density on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of particleboard. Journal of Composite Materials 47(10): 1247–1255.
Sivrikaya, H. 2008. Factors effecting natural durability in wood. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 10(13): 66-70.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1992. Sampling ad preparing wood for analysis. TAPPI T 11 M-45. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1997. Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. T 204 cm-97. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry TAPPI. 1988. Water solubility of woodand pulp. TAPPI T 207 om-88.TAPPI test methods, Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1993. Ash in wood, pulp, paperand paperboard. T 211 om-93.TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1998. One percent sodiumhydroxide solubility of wood and wood pulp. T 212 om-98. TAPPI testmethods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 2002. Acid-insoluble lignin inwood and pulp. T 222 om-02. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Tisler, V.; Galla, E.; Pulkinen, E. 1986. Fractination of hot water extract from Picea abies Karst. bark. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 44: 427-431.
Wasniewski, J.L. 1989. Evaluation of juvenile wood and its effect on Douglas-fir structural composite panels. In: Proceedings of the 23 rd Washington State University International Particleboard, Washington, DC.
Wise, E.L.; Karz, H.L. 1962. Cellulose and hemicelluloses. In: Earl Libby C, editor. Pulp and paper science and technology. New York: McGray Book Com, p. 55-73.
Akyuz, K.C.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Zekovic, E. 2010. Effects of acidity of the particles and amount of hardener on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard composite bonded with urea formaldehyde. Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 30(3): 166-169.
Atac, Y. 2009. Examination some softwood and hardwood trees interms of paper properties of their sapwood and hearthwood. Ph.D. Thesis, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey.
Atar, I.; Nemli, G.; Ayrilmis, N.; Baharoglu, M.; Sari, B.; Bardak, S. 2014. Effects of hardener type, urea usage and conditioning period on the quality properties of particleboard. Materials and Design 56: 91–96
Ayrilmis, N.; Buyuksari, U.; Avci, E.; Koc, E. 2009. Utilization of pine cone in manufacture of wood based composite. Forest Ecology Management 259: 65-70.
Ayrilmis, N.; Winandy, J.E. 2009. Effect of post heat treatment on surface characteristics and adhesive bonding performance of MDF. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24: 594-599.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli G.; Sari, B.; Bardak, S.; Ayrilmis, N. 2012. The influence of moisture content of raw material on the physical and mechanical properties, surface roughness, wettability and formaldehyde emission of particleboard composite. Composites Part B: Engineering 43(5): 2448-2451.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli, G.; Sari, B.; Birturk, T.; Bardak, S. 2013. Effects of anatomical and chemical properties of wood on the qualityof particleboard. Composites: Part B Engineering 52: 282–285.
Baharoglu, M.; Nemli, G.; Sari, B.; Ayrilmis, N.; Bardak, S.; Zekovic, E. 2014. Effect of paraffin application technique on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21(2): 191-195.
Balanchet, P.; Cloutier, A.; Riedl, B. 2000. Particleboard produced from hammer milled black spruce bark residues. Wood Science technology 34: 11-19.
Bardak, S. 2014. Usability possibilities of wood of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) in particleboard industry, Ph.D. Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey.
Bardak, S.; Sari B.; Nemli, G.; Kirci, H.; Baharoglu, M. 2011. The effect of decor paper properties and adhesive type on some properties of particleboard. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 31: 412-415.
Bardak, S.; Nemli, G.; Tiryaki, S. 2017. The influence of raw material growth region, anatomical structure and chemical composition of wood on the quality properties of particleboards. Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 19(3): 363-372.
Buscher, H.J.; Pelt, A.W.J.; Boer, P.; Arends, J. 1984. The effect of surface roughening of polymers on measured contact angles of liquids. Colloids and Surfaces 9(4): 319-331.
Campbell, A.G.; Kim, W.J.; Koch, P. 1990. Chemical variation in lodgepole pine with sapwood/heartwood, stem height, and variety. Wood and Fiber Science 22(1): 22-30.
Christiansen, A.W. 1990. How over drying wood reduces its bonding to phenol formaldehyde adhesives: A critical review of the literature, Part 1: the physical responses. Wood and Fiber Science 22(4): 441-459.
Duchesne, I.; Vincent, M.; Wang, X.A.; Ung, C.H.; Swift, D.E. 2016. Wood mechanical properties and discoloured heartwood proportion in sugar maple and yellow birch grown in New Brunswick. BioResources 11(1): 2007-2019.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1994. Determination of formaldehyde content in fiberboard by using perforator method. EN 120-1. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Wood based panels, determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and bending strength. EN 310. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 2005. Particleboards-specifications. EN 312. Brussels-Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Particleboard and fiberboards, determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water. EN 317. Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization. EN. 1993. Particleboard and fiberboards, determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board. EN 319. Brussels.
Foster WG. 1967. Species variation. In: Maloney T, editor. Proceedings of the WSU Particleboard Symposium, Volume 1, Pullmann (WA): Washington State University, p. 13-20.
Garay, RM.; MacDonald, F.; Acevedo, ML.; Calderón, B.; Araya, JE. 2009. Particleboard made with crop residues mixed with wood from pinus radiata. Bioresources 4(4): 1396-1408.
Huang, H.; Wang, B.J.; Dong, L.; Zhao, M. 2011. Wettability of hybrid poplar veneers with cold plasma treatments in relation to drying conditions. Drying Technology 29: 323-330.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO. 1997. International standard geometrical products specifications (GPS) surface texture: profile method terms, definitions, and surface texture parameters. ISO 4287. Geneva.
Ors, Y.; Keskin, H. 2001. Wood material information. Atlas, İstanbul, Turkey.
Kord, B.; Zare, H.; Hosseinzadeh, A. 2016. Evaluation of the mechanical and physical properties of particleboard manufactured from Canola (Brassica napus) straws. Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 18(1): 9-18.
Lehman, W.F.; Geimer, R.L.; 1974. Properties of structural particleboards from douglas-fir forest residues. Forest Products Journal 24 (10): 17-25.
Lyman, F.C. 1969. Factors influencing the properties of wood chipboard. In: Mitlin L, editor. Particleboard manufacture and application. London: Presmedia Books; p. 145-149.
Maloney, T.M: 1977 Modern particleboard and dry process fiberboard manufacturing. San Francisco (CA): Miller Freeman.
Marshall, S.W.; Ifju, G.; Johnson, J.A. (1974). The role of extractives in the hydrophobic behavior of lobly pine rhytidome. Wood Fiber Sci 5: 353-363.
Motted, A.L. 1967. The particle geometry factor. In: Maloney T, editor. Proceedings of the WSU Particleboard Symposium, Volume 1, Pullmann (WA): Washington State University, p. 23-73.
Moubarik, A.; Mansouri, H.R.; Pizzi, A.; Charrier, F.; Allal, A. 2013. Bertrand charrier corn flour-mimosa tanin-based adhesives without formaldehyde for interior particleboard Production. Wood Science and Technology 47: 675-683.
Muhcu, S.; Nemli, G.; Ayrilmis, N.; Bardak, S.; Baharoglu, M.; Sari, B.; Gercek, Z. 2015. Effect of log position in European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) tree on the technological properties of particleboard. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 30(4): 357-362.
Nazerian, M.; Beyki, Z.; Gargarii, R.M.; Kool, F. 2016. The effect of some technological production variables on mechanical and physical properties of particleboard manufactured from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) stalks, Maderas: Cienc. Tecnol. 18(1): 167-178.
Nemli, G.; Demirel, S. 2007. Relationship between the density profile and the technological properties of the particleboard composite. Journal of Composite Materials 41(15): 2007.
Nemli, G.; Ozturk, I. 2006. Influences of Some Factors on the Formaldehyde Content of Particleboard, Building and Environment 41(6): 770-774.
Nemli, G.; Yildiz, S.; Gezer, E.D. 2008. The potential for using the needle litter of Scotch pine as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing. Bioresource Technology 99: 6054-6058.
Onda, T.; Shibuichi, S.; Satoh, N; Tsujii, K.; 1996. Super-water-repellent fractal surfaces. Langmui, 12(9): 2125-2127.
Pan, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Ruihong, Z.; Jenkins, B.M. 2007. Physical properties of thin particleboard made from saline eucalyptus. Industrial Crops and Products 26: 185-194.
Prasetya, B. 1989. The investigations on the barks of various tree species [Bachelor thesis on the afforestation of tropic and subtropic regions]. Gottingen: Forestry faculty, Universityof Gotingen Georg-August University of Gottingen.
Roffael, E.; Dix, B. 1994. Influence of the wood properties of some poplar clones on utilization. Forstarchiv 65(2): 43-53.
Sari, B.; Ayrılmıs, N.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Esat, G.; Bardak, S. 2012. Effects of chemical composition of wood and resin type on properties of particleboard. Lignocellulose 1(3): 174-184.
Sari, B.; Nemli, G.; Baharoglu, M.; Bardak, S.; Zekovic, E. 2013. The role of solid content of adhesive and panel density on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of particleboard. Journal of Composite Materials 47(10): 1247–1255.
Sivrikaya, H. 2008. Factors effecting natural durability in wood. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 10(13): 66-70.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1992. Sampling ad preparing wood for analysis. TAPPI T 11 M-45. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1997. Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. T 204 cm-97. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry TAPPI. 1988. Water solubility of woodand pulp. TAPPI T 207 om-88.TAPPI test methods, Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1993. Ash in wood, pulp, paperand paperboard. T 211 om-93.TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 1998. One percent sodiumhydroxide solubility of wood and wood pulp. T 212 om-98. TAPPI testmethods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Technical Associationof Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI. 2002. Acid-insoluble lignin inwood and pulp. T 222 om-02. TAPPI test methods. Atlanta (GA): TAPPI Press.
Tisler, V.; Galla, E.; Pulkinen, E. 1986. Fractination of hot water extract from Picea abies Karst. bark. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 44: 427-431.
Wasniewski, J.L. 1989. Evaluation of juvenile wood and its effect on Douglas-fir structural composite panels. In: Proceedings of the 23 rd Washington State University International Particleboard, Washington, DC.
Wise, E.L.; Karz, H.L. 1962. Cellulose and hemicelluloses. In: Earl Libby C, editor. Pulp and paper science and technology. New York: McGray Book Com, p. 55-73.
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2019-10-01
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Bardak, S., Nemli, G., & Bardak, T. (2019). The quality comparison of particleboards produced from heartwood and sapwood of european larch. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 21(4), 511–520. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3699
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