Evaluation of different plant derived oils as wood preservatives against subterranean termite Odontotermes obesus
Keywords:
Oil treated wood, retention, vacuum pressure, weight loss, wood protectionAbstract
The study assessed the effect of jatropha, linseed, eucalyptus, neem and jojoba oils on protection of three wood species (Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo and Pinus wallichiana) against termite attack by Odontotermes obesus. Conditioned and pre-weighed blocks of each wood species were vacuum-pressure impregnated with a 15% concentration of the oil-ethanol solutions.. Resistance of treated and untreated wood against termites was tested under laboratory as well as field conditions using choice and no-choice tests. Oil treated wood showed significant reductions in weight loss compared to control treatments. Complete termite mortality was recorded for all oil treatments except eucalyptus oil. Linseed oil showed good results in each treatment in terms of feeding resistance as well as mortality of termites followed by neem, jatropha, jojoba and eucalyptus oil. The lower weight losses were found in both choice and no-choice field tests for linseed oil treated Dalbergia sissoo while untreated Pinus wallichiana sapwood had the greater weight loss. It was observed that the oil retention was significantly more in sapwood than in heartwoods. The retention of oils justified that wood with high oil retention showed more resistance against the termite except eucalyptus oil treatment of Pinus wallichiana.
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References
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Ahmed, S., Riaz, M.A.; Shahid, M. 2006. Response of Microtermes obesi (isoptera: Termitidae) and its gut bacteria towards some plant extracts. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 4(1): 317-320.
Ahmed, S.; Nisar, M.S.; Naseer, B.; Hassan, B.; Shakir, M.M. 2013. Determination of wood protection by seasoning and clove oil application against odontotermes obesus ramb.(termitidae: Isoptera). Pak Entomol 35(2): 83-87.
Ahmed, S.; Fatima, R.; Nisar, M.; Hassan, B. 2014. Evaluation of castor bean oil on acacia nilotica as wood preservative against Odontotermes obesus (ramb.)(termitidae: Isoptera). International Wood Products Journal 5(1): 5-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645313Y.0000000053.
Aihetasham, A.; Iqbal, S. 2012. Feeding preferences of Microcerotermes championi (snyder) for different wooden blocks dried at different temperatures under forced and choice feeding conditions in laboratory and field. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(4): 1137-1144.
Alavijeh, E.S.; Habibpour, B.; Moharramipour, S.; Rasekh, A. 2014. Bioactivity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil against Microcerotermes diversus (isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Crop Protection 3(1): 1-11.
AWPA. 2009. Standard method for laboratory evaluation to determine resistance to subterranean termites. E-1-09. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL.
Chowdhury, M.S.H.; Miah, M.D. 2003. Housing pattern and food habit of themro-tribe community in Bangladesh: A forest dependence perspective. Journal of Forestry Research 14(3): 253-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856841.
Clausen, C.A.; Yang, V.W. 2008. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils to Reticulitermes flavipes. Proceedings, 104th annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association... Portland, Oregon, May 18-20 2008: volume 104. Birmingham, Ala.: American Wood Protection Association, c2008: pages 49-54.
Djenontin-Tindo, S.; Amusant, N.; Dangou, J.; Wotto, D.; Avlessi, F.; Dahouénon-Ahoussi, E.; Lozano, P.; Pioch, D.; Sohounhloué, K. 2012. Screening of repellent, termiticidal and preventive activities on wood of Azadirachta indica and Carapa procera (meliaceae) seeds oils. Isca J Biological Sci 1(3): 25-29.
Dubey, M.K. 2010. Improvements in stability, durability and mechanical properties of radiata pine wood after heat-treatment in a vegetable oil. Doctoral Thesis, University of Canterbury. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3856.
Dubey, M.K.; Pang, S.; Walker, J. 2011. Effect of oil heating age on colour and dimensional stability of heat treated Pinus radiata. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69(2): 255-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0431-0.
Edlich, R.; Winters, K.L.; Long, W.B. 2005. Treated wood preservatives linked to aquatic damage, human illness, and death—a societal problem. J Long-Term Eff Med Implants 15(2): 209-224. DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i2.80.
Fatima, R.; Morrell, J.J. 2015. Ability of plant-derived oils to inhibit dampwood termite (Zootermopsis augusticollis) activity. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 17(3): 685-690. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000060.
Fatima, R.; Ahmed, S.; Arshad, M.; Sahi, S.T. 2015. Effect of seasoning of different woods on resistance against Odontotermes obesus (ramb.) under laboratory and field choice and no-choice tests. BioResources 10(4): 6363-6377. DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.4.6363-6377.
Freeman, M.H. 2008. Wood preservative formulation development and systems: Organic and inorganic based systems. Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives: Efficacy, Environmental, and Health Issues. ACS Symposium Series. ACS Publications. 408-426.
George, D.R.; Finn, R.D.; Graham, K.M.; Sparagano, O.A. 2014. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasites & Vectors 7(1): 28. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-28.
Gomes-Gonçalves, F.; Da Salva-Oliveira, J.T. 2006. Resistência ao ataque de cupim-de-madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis) em seis espécies florestais. Cerne 12(1): 80-83. DOI: 10.18671/scifor.v45n113.14.
Haseeb, M.; Xinhailu, A.B.; Khan, J.Z.; Ahmad, I.; Malik, R. 2011. Construction of earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure implementing seismic design and building code in northern Pakistan 2005 earthquake affected area. International Journal of Business and Social Science 2(4): 168-177.
Hassan, B.; Mankowski, M.; Kirker, G.T.; Ahmed, S.; Ul-Haq, M.M. 2016. Antitermitic activities of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo roxb.) heartwood extractives against two termite species. Proceedings IRG Annual Meeting (ISSN 2000-8953), IRG/WP 16-10856, The International Research Group on Wood Protection: 1-16.
Hassan, B.; Mankowski, M.E.; Kirker, G.; Ahmed, S. 2017. Effects of heartwood extractives on symbiotic protozoan communities and mortality in two termite species. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 123: 27-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.05.023.
Hassan, B.; Ahmed, S.; Kirker, G.; Mankowski, M.E.; Misbah-Ul-Haq, M. 2018. Antioxidant effects of four heartwood extractives on midgut enzyme activity in Heterotermes indicola (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Environmental Entomology 47(3): 741-748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy029.
Hassan, B.; Ahmed, S.; Mehmood, N.; Mankowski, M.E.; Misbah-Ul-Haq, M. 2019. Toxicity potential of heartwood extractives from two mulberry species against Heterotermes indicola. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 21(2): 153-162. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2019005000203.
Ibach, R.E. 1999. Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook-Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Replications. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Prod. Lab., pp. 463.
Kartal, S.N.; Hwang, W.J., Imamura, Y.; Sekine, Y. 2006. Effect of essential oil compounds and plant extracts on decay and termite resistance of wood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64(6): 455-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-006-0098-8.
Koski, A. 2008. Applicability of crude tar oil for wood protection. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Technol., Dept. Process and Environ. Engin., Univ. Oulu, Finland.
Langenbach, R. 2010. Earthquake resistant traditional construction’ is not an oxymoron: the resilience of timber and masonry structures in the himalayan region and beyond, and its relevance to heritage preservation in Bhutan the royal government of Bhutan international conference on disaster management and cultural heritage “living in harmony with the four elements” 12-14 December 2010.
Laredo, R.F.G.; Castro, M.R.; Guzmán, N.E.R.; Infante, J.A.G.; Moreno-Jiménez, M.R.; Karchesy, J.J. 2015. Wood preservation using natural products. Madera y Bosques 21: 63-76.
Liibert, L.; Treu, A.; Kers, J.; Meier, P. 2012. Potential eco-friendly wood protection systems used in royal process. Proceeding of 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference-Industrial Engineering. 19-21. Tallinn, Estonia.
Lyon, F.; Thevenon, M.F.; Hwang, W.J.; Imamura, Y.; Gril, J.; Pizzi, A. 2007. Effect of an oil heat treatment on the leachability and biological resistance of boric acid impregnated wood. Annals of Forest Science 64(6): 673-678. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007046.
Manalo, R.; Acda, M. 2009. Effects of hot oil treatment on physical and mechanical properties of three species of Philippine bamboo. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 21(1):19-24. www.jstor.org/stable/23616558.
Manzoor, F.; Mir, N. 2010. Survey of termite infested houses, indigenous building materials and construction techniques in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 42(6): 693-696.
Manzoor, F.; Malik, S.A., Naz, N.; Naz, S. 2012. Potential of antitermitic activities of Eucalyptus oil. Pak J Zool 44: 335-339.
Mike, H.; Craig, R. 2008. A comprehensive review of copper-based wood preservatives with a focus on new micronized or dispersed copper systems. For Prod J 58(11): 6-27.
Moyin-Jesu, E. 2010. Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, wood ash and neem leaf extracts for seed treatment and pest control in maize (Zea mays L.). Emir J Food Agric 22(1): 37-45. DOI: DOI https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v22i1.4905
Nakayama, F.; Osbrink, W. 2010. Evaluation of kukui oil (Aleurites moluccana) for controlling termites. Industrial Crops and Products 31(2): 312-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.11.009.
Paajanen, L.; Ritschkofft, A. 2002. Effect of crude tall oil, linseed oil and rapeseed oil on the growth of the decay fungi, the international research group on wood preservation. Doc. No. IRG/WP. 02-30299.
Rafidah, S.; Razak, W.; Zaidon, A.; Hashim, W. 2009. Chemical constituents of bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii oil-cured at 140 c, 180 c and 220 c. Journal of Applied Science 9(1): 149-154.
Rapp, A.O.; Sailer, M. 2001. Oil heat treatment of wood in Germany state of the art. European commission, directorate-general for research EUR 19885, COST Action E22 Special Seminar 9th February 2001, Antibes, France, pp. 47-64.
Ross, R.J. 2010. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Centennial ed. General technical Report FPL; GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1.
Sailer, M.; Rapp, A.; Leithoff, H. 2000. Improved resistance of scots pine and spruce by application of an oil-heat treatment. International Research Group Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 00-40162.
Sailer, M.A.; Rapp, O. 2001. Use of vegetable oils for wood protection. COST Action E22: Environmental optimization of wood protection. Conference in Einbenk Germany.
Schultz, T.P.; Nicholas, D.D. 2002. Development of environmentally-benign wood preservatives based on the combination of organic biocides with antioxidants and metal chelators. Phytochemistry 61(5): 555-560. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00267-4
Siau, J. 1972. The effects of specimen length and impregnation time upon the retention of oils in wood. Wood Sci 4(3): 163-170.
Sidorova, K. 2009. Oil heat treatment of wood. 2009:001. ISSN: 1653-0187. ISRN: LTU PB-EX-09/001-SE pp. 6. Web article: http://epubl.ltu.se/1653-0187/2009/001/LTU-PB-EX-09001-SE.pdf.
Singh, N.; Sushilkumar, A. 2008. Anti termite activity of Jatropha curcas Linn. Biochemicals J Appl Sci Environ Manag 12: 67-69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i3.55498.
Temiz, A.; Kose, G.; Panov, D.; Terziev, N.; Alma, M.H.; Palanti, S.; Akbas, S. 2013. Effect of bio‐oil and epoxidized linseed oil on physical, mechanical, and biological properties of treated wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 130(3): 1562-1569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39334.
Thlama, D.; Falemara, B.; Ameh, M.; Osasebor, O. 2012. Mitigating climate change effects using eco-friendly wood preservatives. J Nat Sci Res 2: 29-40. DOI : 10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.02.001.
Townsend T.G.; Solo-Gabriele, H. 2010. Environmental impacts of treated wood. CRC Press.
Treu, A.; Habicht, J.; Klaucke, R.; Militz, H. 2003. Improvement of wood properties by a combined impregnation process–the royal process. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Wood Modification: 3-14.
Unsal, O.; Kartal, S. N.; Candan, Z.; Arango, R. A.; Clausen, C. A.; Green, F. 2009. Decay and termite resistance, water absorption and swelling of thermally compressed wood panels. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 63: 548-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.02.001.
Van Eckeveld, A.; Homan, W. J.; Militz, H. 2001. Increasing the water repellency of Scots pine sapwood by impregnation with undiluted linseed oil, wood oil, coccos oil and tall oil. Holzforsch Holzverwert 53: 113-115.
Venmalar, D.; Nagveni, H. C. 2005. Evaluation of copperised cashew nut shell liquid and neem oil as wood preservatives. Proc. 36th Annual Meet. of the International Research Group on Wood Protection, Bangalore, India, April 2005. IRG. Paper IRG/ WP 05-30368.
Wahab, R.; Mohamad, A.; Samsi, H.; Sulaiman, O. 2005. Effect of heat treatment using palm oil on properties and durability of semantan bamboo. 4: 211-220. International Network for Bamboo and Ratta.
Walker, J.C. 2006. Primary wood processing: Principles and practice. Springer Science & Business Media. Dordrecht: Springer 297-338.
Ahmed, S., Riaz, M.A.; Shahid, M. 2006. Response of Microtermes obesi (isoptera: Termitidae) and its gut bacteria towards some plant extracts. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 4(1): 317-320.
Ahmed, S.; Nisar, M.S.; Naseer, B.; Hassan, B.; Shakir, M.M. 2013. Determination of wood protection by seasoning and clove oil application against odontotermes obesus ramb.(termitidae: Isoptera). Pak Entomol 35(2): 83-87.
Ahmed, S.; Fatima, R.; Nisar, M.; Hassan, B. 2014. Evaluation of castor bean oil on acacia nilotica as wood preservative against Odontotermes obesus (ramb.)(termitidae: Isoptera). International Wood Products Journal 5(1): 5-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645313Y.0000000053.
Aihetasham, A.; Iqbal, S. 2012. Feeding preferences of Microcerotermes championi (snyder) for different wooden blocks dried at different temperatures under forced and choice feeding conditions in laboratory and field. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(4): 1137-1144.
Alavijeh, E.S.; Habibpour, B.; Moharramipour, S.; Rasekh, A. 2014. Bioactivity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil against Microcerotermes diversus (isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Crop Protection 3(1): 1-11.
AWPA. 2009. Standard method for laboratory evaluation to determine resistance to subterranean termites. E-1-09. American Wood Protection Association, Birmingham, AL.
Chowdhury, M.S.H.; Miah, M.D. 2003. Housing pattern and food habit of themro-tribe community in Bangladesh: A forest dependence perspective. Journal of Forestry Research 14(3): 253-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856841.
Clausen, C.A.; Yang, V.W. 2008. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils to Reticulitermes flavipes. Proceedings, 104th annual meeting of the American Wood Protection Association... Portland, Oregon, May 18-20 2008: volume 104. Birmingham, Ala.: American Wood Protection Association, c2008: pages 49-54.
Djenontin-Tindo, S.; Amusant, N.; Dangou, J.; Wotto, D.; Avlessi, F.; Dahouénon-Ahoussi, E.; Lozano, P.; Pioch, D.; Sohounhloué, K. 2012. Screening of repellent, termiticidal and preventive activities on wood of Azadirachta indica and Carapa procera (meliaceae) seeds oils. Isca J Biological Sci 1(3): 25-29.
Dubey, M.K. 2010. Improvements in stability, durability and mechanical properties of radiata pine wood after heat-treatment in a vegetable oil. Doctoral Thesis, University of Canterbury. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3856.
Dubey, M.K.; Pang, S.; Walker, J. 2011. Effect of oil heating age on colour and dimensional stability of heat treated Pinus radiata. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69(2): 255-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0431-0.
Edlich, R.; Winters, K.L.; Long, W.B. 2005. Treated wood preservatives linked to aquatic damage, human illness, and death—a societal problem. J Long-Term Eff Med Implants 15(2): 209-224. DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i2.80.
Fatima, R.; Morrell, J.J. 2015. Ability of plant-derived oils to inhibit dampwood termite (Zootermopsis augusticollis) activity. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 17(3): 685-690. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000060.
Fatima, R.; Ahmed, S.; Arshad, M.; Sahi, S.T. 2015. Effect of seasoning of different woods on resistance against Odontotermes obesus (ramb.) under laboratory and field choice and no-choice tests. BioResources 10(4): 6363-6377. DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.4.6363-6377.
Freeman, M.H. 2008. Wood preservative formulation development and systems: Organic and inorganic based systems. Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives: Efficacy, Environmental, and Health Issues. ACS Symposium Series. ACS Publications. 408-426.
George, D.R.; Finn, R.D.; Graham, K.M.; Sparagano, O.A. 2014. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasites & Vectors 7(1): 28. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-28.
Gomes-Gonçalves, F.; Da Salva-Oliveira, J.T. 2006. Resistência ao ataque de cupim-de-madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis) em seis espécies florestais. Cerne 12(1): 80-83. DOI: 10.18671/scifor.v45n113.14.
Haseeb, M.; Xinhailu, A.B.; Khan, J.Z.; Ahmad, I.; Malik, R. 2011. Construction of earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure implementing seismic design and building code in northern Pakistan 2005 earthquake affected area. International Journal of Business and Social Science 2(4): 168-177.
Hassan, B.; Mankowski, M.; Kirker, G.T.; Ahmed, S.; Ul-Haq, M.M. 2016. Antitermitic activities of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo roxb.) heartwood extractives against two termite species. Proceedings IRG Annual Meeting (ISSN 2000-8953), IRG/WP 16-10856, The International Research Group on Wood Protection: 1-16.
Hassan, B.; Mankowski, M.E.; Kirker, G.; Ahmed, S. 2017. Effects of heartwood extractives on symbiotic protozoan communities and mortality in two termite species. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 123: 27-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.05.023.
Hassan, B.; Ahmed, S.; Kirker, G.; Mankowski, M.E.; Misbah-Ul-Haq, M. 2018. Antioxidant effects of four heartwood extractives on midgut enzyme activity in Heterotermes indicola (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Environmental Entomology 47(3): 741-748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy029.
Hassan, B.; Ahmed, S.; Mehmood, N.; Mankowski, M.E.; Misbah-Ul-Haq, M. 2019. Toxicity potential of heartwood extractives from two mulberry species against Heterotermes indicola. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 21(2): 153-162. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2019005000203.
Ibach, R.E. 1999. Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook-Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Replications. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Prod. Lab., pp. 463.
Kartal, S.N.; Hwang, W.J., Imamura, Y.; Sekine, Y. 2006. Effect of essential oil compounds and plant extracts on decay and termite resistance of wood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64(6): 455-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-006-0098-8.
Koski, A. 2008. Applicability of crude tar oil for wood protection. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Technol., Dept. Process and Environ. Engin., Univ. Oulu, Finland.
Langenbach, R. 2010. Earthquake resistant traditional construction’ is not an oxymoron: the resilience of timber and masonry structures in the himalayan region and beyond, and its relevance to heritage preservation in Bhutan the royal government of Bhutan international conference on disaster management and cultural heritage “living in harmony with the four elements” 12-14 December 2010.
Laredo, R.F.G.; Castro, M.R.; Guzmán, N.E.R.; Infante, J.A.G.; Moreno-Jiménez, M.R.; Karchesy, J.J. 2015. Wood preservation using natural products. Madera y Bosques 21: 63-76.
Liibert, L.; Treu, A.; Kers, J.; Meier, P. 2012. Potential eco-friendly wood protection systems used in royal process. Proceeding of 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference-Industrial Engineering. 19-21. Tallinn, Estonia.
Lyon, F.; Thevenon, M.F.; Hwang, W.J.; Imamura, Y.; Gril, J.; Pizzi, A. 2007. Effect of an oil heat treatment on the leachability and biological resistance of boric acid impregnated wood. Annals of Forest Science 64(6): 673-678. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007046.
Manalo, R.; Acda, M. 2009. Effects of hot oil treatment on physical and mechanical properties of three species of Philippine bamboo. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 21(1):19-24. www.jstor.org/stable/23616558.
Manzoor, F.; Mir, N. 2010. Survey of termite infested houses, indigenous building materials and construction techniques in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 42(6): 693-696.
Manzoor, F.; Malik, S.A., Naz, N.; Naz, S. 2012. Potential of antitermitic activities of Eucalyptus oil. Pak J Zool 44: 335-339.
Mike, H.; Craig, R. 2008. A comprehensive review of copper-based wood preservatives with a focus on new micronized or dispersed copper systems. For Prod J 58(11): 6-27.
Moyin-Jesu, E. 2010. Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, wood ash and neem leaf extracts for seed treatment and pest control in maize (Zea mays L.). Emir J Food Agric 22(1): 37-45. DOI: DOI https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v22i1.4905
Nakayama, F.; Osbrink, W. 2010. Evaluation of kukui oil (Aleurites moluccana) for controlling termites. Industrial Crops and Products 31(2): 312-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.11.009.
Paajanen, L.; Ritschkofft, A. 2002. Effect of crude tall oil, linseed oil and rapeseed oil on the growth of the decay fungi, the international research group on wood preservation. Doc. No. IRG/WP. 02-30299.
Rafidah, S.; Razak, W.; Zaidon, A.; Hashim, W. 2009. Chemical constituents of bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii oil-cured at 140 c, 180 c and 220 c. Journal of Applied Science 9(1): 149-154.
Rapp, A.O.; Sailer, M. 2001. Oil heat treatment of wood in Germany state of the art. European commission, directorate-general for research EUR 19885, COST Action E22 Special Seminar 9th February 2001, Antibes, France, pp. 47-64.
Ross, R.J. 2010. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Centennial ed. General technical Report FPL; GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1.
Sailer, M.; Rapp, A.; Leithoff, H. 2000. Improved resistance of scots pine and spruce by application of an oil-heat treatment. International Research Group Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 00-40162.
Sailer, M.A.; Rapp, O. 2001. Use of vegetable oils for wood protection. COST Action E22: Environmental optimization of wood protection. Conference in Einbenk Germany.
Schultz, T.P.; Nicholas, D.D. 2002. Development of environmentally-benign wood preservatives based on the combination of organic biocides with antioxidants and metal chelators. Phytochemistry 61(5): 555-560. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00267-4
Siau, J. 1972. The effects of specimen length and impregnation time upon the retention of oils in wood. Wood Sci 4(3): 163-170.
Sidorova, K. 2009. Oil heat treatment of wood. 2009:001. ISSN: 1653-0187. ISRN: LTU PB-EX-09/001-SE pp. 6. Web article: http://epubl.ltu.se/1653-0187/2009/001/LTU-PB-EX-09001-SE.pdf.
Singh, N.; Sushilkumar, A. 2008. Anti termite activity of Jatropha curcas Linn. Biochemicals J Appl Sci Environ Manag 12: 67-69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i3.55498.
Temiz, A.; Kose, G.; Panov, D.; Terziev, N.; Alma, M.H.; Palanti, S.; Akbas, S. 2013. Effect of bio‐oil and epoxidized linseed oil on physical, mechanical, and biological properties of treated wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 130(3): 1562-1569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39334.
Thlama, D.; Falemara, B.; Ameh, M.; Osasebor, O. 2012. Mitigating climate change effects using eco-friendly wood preservatives. J Nat Sci Res 2: 29-40. DOI : 10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.02.001.
Townsend T.G.; Solo-Gabriele, H. 2010. Environmental impacts of treated wood. CRC Press.
Treu, A.; Habicht, J.; Klaucke, R.; Militz, H. 2003. Improvement of wood properties by a combined impregnation process–the royal process. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Wood Modification: 3-14.
Unsal, O.; Kartal, S. N.; Candan, Z.; Arango, R. A.; Clausen, C. A.; Green, F. 2009. Decay and termite resistance, water absorption and swelling of thermally compressed wood panels. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 63: 548-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.02.001.
Van Eckeveld, A.; Homan, W. J.; Militz, H. 2001. Increasing the water repellency of Scots pine sapwood by impregnation with undiluted linseed oil, wood oil, coccos oil and tall oil. Holzforsch Holzverwert 53: 113-115.
Venmalar, D.; Nagveni, H. C. 2005. Evaluation of copperised cashew nut shell liquid and neem oil as wood preservatives. Proc. 36th Annual Meet. of the International Research Group on Wood Protection, Bangalore, India, April 2005. IRG. Paper IRG/ WP 05-30368.
Wahab, R.; Mohamad, A.; Samsi, H.; Sulaiman, O. 2005. Effect of heat treatment using palm oil on properties and durability of semantan bamboo. 4: 211-220. International Network for Bamboo and Ratta.
Walker, J.C. 2006. Primary wood processing: Principles and practice. Springer Science & Business Media. Dordrecht: Springer 297-338.
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2020-01-01
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Ahmed, S., Fatima, R., & Hassan, B. (2020). Evaluation of different plant derived oils as wood preservatives against subterranean termite Odontotermes obesus. Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 22(1), 109–120. Retrieved from https://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/view/3887
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