Anatomical responses in apricot wood structure caused by Valsaria insitiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2026.11Keywords:
Apoplexy, gummosis, Prunus armeniaca, Valsaria insitiva, wood anatomyAbstract
Understanding anatomical responses in various tree species to fungi causing gummosis is limited. In this article, wood samples from an apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca) with severe gummosis and branch dieback were studied macroscopically and microscopically to determine the response of woody tissues to the infection. The fungi species Valsaria insitiva was determined visually by the signs of the disease and by cultivating clean cultures. Macroscopical examination found wedge and arch shaped necroses running along the growth rings under the bark necroses and sunken lesions. Microscopical examination found small black fruiting bodies of the fungus on the bark. Vessels and libriform fibers were blocked by gum, thus blocking the water and nutrients flow to the branches and causing the dieback. Sites with fungi infection were compartmentalized and this was discussed according to the CODIT model. Oxidized ray parenchyma was visible in tangential and cross sections of the wood; calluses were covering the infected areas. Compartmentalizing the infections by releasing gum into vessel lumina, restricting the flow of nutrients and water in the tree thus drying it out is a way of protection of the tree against the pathogens. Apoplexy of apricots is an acute disease and can be very extreme in some cases. The studied tree had signs of compartmentalization of the infection, but the infection was spreading faster than new tissues were formed.
Downloads
References
Adams, G.C.; Roux, J.; Wingfield, M.J.2006. Cytospora species (Ascomycota, Diaporthales, Valsaceae): introduced and native pathogens of trees in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 35(5): 521-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06058
Alfonso, V.A.; Baas, P.; Carlquist, S.; Chimelo, J.; Coradin, V.T.R.; Détienne, P.; Gasson, P.E.; Grosser, D.; Ilic, J.; Kuroda, K.; Miller, R.B.; Ogata, K.; Richter, H.G.; ter Welle, B.J.H.; Wheeler, E.A.1989. IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification. IAWA Bulletin 10(3): 219-332. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294088872_IAWA_List_of_Microcopie_Features_for_Hardwood_Identification
Biggs, A.R.1989. Integrated contro l of Leucostoma canker of peach in Ontario. Plant Disease 73(10): 869-874. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-0869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-73-0869
Biggs, A.; Grove, G.2006. Leucostoma canker of stone fruits. Plant Health Instructor. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2005-1220-01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2005-1220-01
Boothby, D.1983. Gummosis of stone-fruit trees and their fruits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740340102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740340102
Carolina, A.; Kusumoto, D.2019. Gum duct formation mediated by various concentrations of ethephon and methyl jasmonate treatments in Cerasus × yedoensis, Prunus mume and Liquidambar styraciflua. IAWA Journal 41(1): 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002105
Clérivet, A.; Déon, V.; Alami, I.; Lopez, F.; Geiger, J.P.; Nicole, M.2000. Tyloses and gels associated with cellulose accumulation in vessels are responses of plane tree seedlings (Platanus × acerifolia) to the vascular fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. Trees 15(1): 2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680000063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680000063
Daniell, J.W.; Chandler, W.A.1982. Field resistance of peach cultivars to gummosis disease. HortScience 17(3): 375-376. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.17.3.375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.17.3.375
English, H.; Lownsbery, B.F.; Schick, F.J.; Burlando, T.1982. Effect of ring and pin nematodes on the development of bacterial canker and Cytospora canker in young French prune trees. Plant Disease 66(2): 114-116. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-66-114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-66-114
Fan, X., Hyde, K. D., Liu, M., Liang, Y, Tian, C. 2015. Cytospora species associated with walnut canker disease in China, with description of a new species C. gigalocus. Fungal Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.011
Fan, X.L.; Bezzera, J.D.P.; Tian, C.M.; Crous, P.W.2019. Cytospora (Diaporthales) in China. Persoonia 45: 1-45. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.01
Hluchý, M.; Ackermann, P.; Zacharda, M.; Bagar, M.; Jetmarová, E.; Vanek, G.1997. Obrazový atlas chorob a škůdců ovocných dřevin a révy vinné. Biocont Laboratory: Brno, Czech Republic. ISBN 80-901874-2-1. 428p.
Hričovský, I.; Bažant, Z.; Blažek, J.; Cifranič, P.; Čača, Z.; Horniak, V.; Klimpl, B.; Kopec, K.; Molnár, J.; Novotný, M.1990. Praktické ovocinárstvo. Príroda: Bratislava, Slovakia. ISBN 80-07-00024-0.
Ivanová, H.2010. Apoplexia marhúľ. Zahradnictví. https://zahradaweb.cz/apoplexia-marhul/
Jaklitsch, W.M.; Fournier, J.; Dai, D.Q.; Hyde, K.D.; Voglmayr, H.2015. Valsaria and the Valsariales. Fungal Diversity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0330-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0330-0
Kepley, J.B.; Jacobi, W.R.2000. Pathogenicity of Cytospora fungi on six hardwood species. Journal of Arboriculture 26(6): 326-332. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.040
Klement, Z.; Rozsnyay, D.S.; Báló, E.; Prileszky, G.1984. The effect of cold on development of bacterial canker in apricot trees infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Physiological Plant Pathology 24(2): 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-4059(84)90031-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-4059(84)90031-6
Lawrence, D.P.; Holland, L.A.; Nouri, M.T.; Travadon, R.; Abramians, A.; Michailides, T.J.; Trouillas, F.P.2018. Molecular phylogeny of Cytospora species associated with canker diseases of fruit and nut crops in California. IMA Fungus 9(2): 333-370. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.07
Luepschen, N.S.1981. Criteria for determining peach varietal susceptibility to Cytospora canker. Fruit Varieties Journal 35(4): 137-140.
Morris, H.; Brodersen, C.; Schwarze, F.W.M.R.; Jansen, S.2016. The parenchyma of secondary xylem and its critical role in tree defense. Frontiers in Plant Science 7. e1665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01665
Morris, H.; Plavcová, L.; Gorai, M.; Klepsch, M.M.; Kotowska, M.; Schenk, H.J.; Jansen, S.2018. Vessel-associated cells in angiosperm xylem. American Journal of Botany 105(1): 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1030
Morris, H.; Hietala, A.M.; Jansen, S.; Ribera, J.; Rosner, S.; Salmeia, K.A.; Schwarze, F.W.M.R.2020. Using the CODIT model to explain secondary metabolites of xylem. Annals of Botany 125(5): 701-720. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz138
Pan, M.; Zhu, H.; Bondthond, G.; Tian, C.; Fan, X.2020. High diversity of Cytospora associated with canker and dieback of Rosaceae in China. Frontiers in Plant Science 11. e690. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00690
Pearce, R.B.1996. Antimicrobial defences in the wood of the living trees. New Phytologist 132(2): 203-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01842.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01842.x
Petrović, E.; Vrandečić, K.; Ivić, D.; Ćosić, J.; Godena, S.2023. First report of olive branch dieback in Croatia caused by Cytospora pruinosa. Microorganisms 11. e1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071679
Pokharel, R.2013. Cytospora canker in tree fruit crops. Colorado State University Extension Fact Sheet 2.953.
Rozsnyay, D.S.; Klement, Z.1973. Apoplexy of apricots. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 8: 57-69.
Schwarze, F.W.M.R.; Engels, J.1998. Cavity formation in the secondary wall (S2) of tracheids. Holzforschung 52(2): 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.2.117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.2.117
Setia, R.1983. Traumatic gum duct formation in Sterculia urens Roxb. Phyton 24(2): 253-255.
Shigo, A.L.1984. Compartmentalisation: conceptual framework for understanding tree defense. Annual Review of Phytopathology 22: 189-214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.22.1.189
Schmitt, U.; Liese, W.1990. Wound reaction of the parenchyma in Betula. IAWA Bulletin 11(4): 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000531
Soltaninejad, N.; Mohammadi, H.; Massumi, H.2017. Isolation and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Phaeoacremonium species. Journal of Plant Pathology 99(3): 571-581. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44687126.
Srebotnik, E.; Messner, K.1994. Differential staining method to assess wood delignification by white rot fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60(4): 1383-1386. I: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.60.4.1383-1386.1994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.4.1383-1386.1994
Süle, S.; Seemüller, E.1987. Ice formation in infection of sour cherry leaves by Pseudomonas syringae. Physiological Plant Pathology 77(2): 173-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-77-173
Tardif, J.C.; Conciatori, F.2015. Microscopic examination of wood. In: Plant Microtechniques and Protocols. Springer: Cham, Switzerland, pp. 373-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19944-3_22
Weaver, D.J.1974. A gummosis disease of peach trees caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. Phytopathology 64(11): 1429-1432. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-64-1429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-64-1429
Weaver, D.J.1978. Interaction of Pseudomonas syringae and freezing in bacterial canker. Phytopathology 68(10): 1460-1463. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-68-1460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-68-1460
Wensley, R.N.1971. The microflora of peach bark. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 17(3): 333-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/m71-056
Willison, R.S.1936. Peach canker investigations. Canadian Journal of Research 14: 27-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjr36c-003
Zacha, V.; Vanek, G.; Nováková, J.1989. Atlas chorôb a škodcov ovocných drevín a viniča. Príroda: Bratislava, Slovakia. ISBN 80-07-000044-5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Reconocimiento de Creative Commons CC-BY que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
